Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Великобритания может остаться за бортом МКС
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Великобритания может остаться за бортом Международной космической станции
[SpaceViews] Космическое агентство Великобритании порекомендовало своему
правительству не участвовать в создании Международной космической станции
(МКС). Британский национальный космический центр (British National Space
Centre, BNSC) полагает, что вклад Великобритании в случае ее участия в
строительство МКС не ограничился бы ранее запланированными 100 млн ф. ст.
(164 млн дол.), поскольку, как заявил директор BNSC по науке, при реализации
этого проекта денег не экономят. В официальном докладе BNSC говорится, что
любое участие в создании МКС потребовало бы дополнительного финансирования, а
годовой бюджет космического агентства Великобритании в размере 200 млн ф. ст.
(328 млн дол.) уже принят.
Великобритания в 1987 г., в отличие от других стран-участниц Европейского
космического агентства решила не участвовать в создании тогдашней космической
станции Freedom. Однако нынешнее правительство решило пересмотреть это
решение и обратилось в BNSC с целью исследования возможности участия Британии
в проекте МКС. BNSC передал свой доклад министру науки, теперь слово за
правящим кабинетом.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Для марсианских экспедиций разрабатывается кислородный генератор
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Для марсианских экспедиций разрабатывается кислородный генератор
[SpaceViews] Инженеры из университета Аризоны разработали
экспериментальную систему Oxygen Generating Subsystem (OGS), которая должна
будет извлекать кислород из атмосферы Марса. Для проведения испытаний система
будет отправлена в 2001 г. на Марс на космическом зонде Mars Surveyor. Сейчас
система OGS проходит наземные испытания. Система OGS генерирует кислород
методом электролиза из углекислого газа, который является одним из основных
составляющих марсианской атмосферы. Ее производительность составляет 1 куб.
см кислорода в минуту, а потребляемая мощность - 15 Вт.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Для марсианских экспедиций... (картинка)
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
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`
end
sum -r/size 34822/6961 section (from "begin" to "end")
sum -r/size 43510/5029 entire input file
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Стыковка корабля "Союз ТМ-29" с орбитальной станцией "Мир"
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Стыковка корабля "Союз ТМ-29" с орбитальной станцией "Мир"
22 февраля в 8 часов 36 минут по московскому времени была произведена
стыковка корабля "Союз ТМ-29" с орбитальным комплексом "Мир".
Через полтора часа после стыковки были открыты переходные люки, и Виктор
Афанасьев, Жан-Пьер Эньере и Иван Белла перешли на станцию "Мир".
Программой совместного полета пятерых космонавтов предусмотрено
проведение около 100 медико-биологических, технических, астрофизических и
геофизических экспериментов.
28 февраля Геннадий Падалка и Иван Белла в корабле "Союз ТМ-28"
возвратятся на Землю, а работу на "Мире" продолжат Виктор Афанасьев, Сергей
Авдеев и Жан-Пьер Эньере. Оставшийся экипаж проведет на орбите около
полугода. За это время будет проведено пять выходов в открытый космос, в
одном из них должен принять участие француз Жан-Пьер Эньере.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Для марсианских экспедиций разрабатывается кислородный генератор
* Originally by Alexander Bondugin, 2:5054/48@fidonet
* Originally to all
* Originally dated 24 Feb 1999, 8:35
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Для марсианских экспедиций разрабатывается кислородный генератор
[SpaceViews] Инженеры из университета Аризоны разработали
экспериментальную систему Oxygen Generating Subsystem (OGS), которая должна
будет извлекать кислород из атмосферы Марса. Для проведения испытаний система
будет отправлена в 2001 г. на Марс на космическом зонде Mars Surveyor. Сейчас
система OGS проходит наземные испытания. Система OGS генерирует кислород
методом электролиза из углекислого газа, который является одним из основных
составляющих марсианской атмосферы. Ее производительность составляет 1 куб.
см кислорода в минуту, а потребляемая мощность - 15 Вт.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Для марсианских экспедиций... (картинка)
* Originally by Alexander Bondugin, 2:5054/48@fidonet
* Originally to all
* Originally dated 24 Feb 1999, 8:36
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
section 1 of 1 of file sv-02211.jpg < uuencode 5.32 by R.E.M. >
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end
sum -r/size 34822/6961 section (from "begin" to "end")
sum -r/size 43510/5029 entire input file
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Стыковка корабля "Союз ТМ-29" с орбитальной станцией "Мир"
* Originally by Alexander Bondugin, 2:5054/48@fidonet
* Originally to all
* Originally dated 24 Feb 1999, 8:37
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Стыковка корабля "Союз ТМ-29" с орбитальной станцией "Мир"
22 февраля в 8 часов 36 минут по московскому времени была произведена
стыковка корабля "Союз ТМ-29" с орбитальным комплексом "Мир".
Через полтора часа после стыковки были открыты переходные люки, и Виктор
Афанасьев, Жан-Пьер Эньере и Иван Белла перешли на станцию "Мир".
Программой совместного полета пятерых космонавтов предусмотрено
проведение около 100 медико-биологических, технических, астрофизических и
геофизических экспериментов.
28 февраля Геннадий Падалка и Иван Белла в корабле "Союз ТМ-28"
возвратятся на Землю, а работу на "Мире" продолжат Виктор Афанасьев, Сергей
Авдеев и Жан-Пьер Эньере. Оставшийся экипаж проведет на орбите около
полугода. За это время будет проведено пять выходов в открытый космос, в
одном из них должен принять участие француз Жан-Пьер Эньере.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: SpaceViews - 22 February 1999 [1/4]
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
S P A C E V I E W S
Issue 1999.02.22
1999 February 22
http://www.spaceviews.com/1999/0222/
*** News ***
Soyuz Launches Mir Crew
Russian Space Chief Apologizes for Station Delays
Britain May Stay Out of ISS
Congressman Expresses Concerns about X-33
New Evidence for Mars Volcanoes, Sand Dunes
Atlas Launches Japanese Comsat
Venus Subject to Radical Climate Changes
SpaceViews Event Horizon
Other News
*** Articles ***
So You Want to Get Into SETI (part 3)
Editor's Note: We are always looking for new story ideas for
SpaceViews. If you have an story idea, proposal, or full article
that you would like to see published in SpaceViews, please e-mail
it to submissions@spaceviews.com. We can't guarantee that we'll
be able to publish or even reply to all submissions, we will take
a look at every one.
-- Jeff Foust, Editor
jeff@spaceviews.com
*** News ***
Soyuz Launches Mir Crew
A Soyuz carrying what may be the final crew to stay on the
Russian space station Mir blasted off early Saturday, February 20,
from Baikonur.
A Soyuz rocket carrying the Soyuz TM-29 spacecraft lifted off
on schedule at 11:17 pm EST Friday, February 19 (0417 UT Feb. 20) from
Baikonur, Kazakhstan. The spacecraft docked with Mir early Monday,
February 22.
A three-man international crew is on the Soyuz, commanded by
Russian cosmonaut Viktor Afanasyev. Guest cosmonauts Jean-Pierre
Haignere of France and Ivan Bella of Slovakia are also onboard the
Soyuz.
A week after docking, the Soyuz TM-28 currently docked at Mir
will depart with Bella and current Mir commander Gennady Padalka.
Afanayev, Haignere, and current Mir flight engineer Sergei Avdeyev
will remain on Mir.
That three-man crew will likely be the last to stay on Mir.
Last year Russia announced plans to deorbit Mir by mid-1999, but in
December Energia, the company that operates Mir for the Russian Space
Agency (RSA), announced that it had found private funding to continue
to operate Mir until 2002.
However, RSA officials announced earlier this month that the
mysterious private investor -- never identified by the government or
Energia -- had backed out. The RSA said plans were in the works to
deorbit the station in August or September, at the end of the
six-month duty cycle for the this crew.
Afanayev told reporters in a pre-flight press conference that
he believed there would be more missions to Mir. "We are confident
that our mission will not be the final one," he said. "It would be a
great pity to discard the station."
If the crew stays on Mir through mid-August, Avdeyev will
break the record for the second-longest spaceflight at 366 days.
Haignere will also break the record of 179 days for the longest flight
by an ESA astronaut if the mission lasts through mid-August.
Haignere also had an unusual backup for his flight: his wife,
Claudie Andre-Deshays. Andre-Deshays spent half a month on Mir in
1996 as the first French woman to fly in space.
The launch came on the 13th anniversary of the launch of the
Mir core module.
Russian Space Chief Apologizes for Station Delays
The head of the Russian Space Agency apologized on Russian
radio for problems with the Service Module that have delayed the
assembly of the International Space Station, Reuters reported Monday,
February 15.
Speaking on Ekho Moskvy radio, Yuri Koptev said that Russia
had "let down" its international partners because of problems with the
Service Module.
"The schedule for building the station was developed so that
everything began overall from a Russian segment, so all of our
mistakes, all of our delays create a basis for delaying everything
else," Koptev said. "I have to say above all that we are letting our
partners down a little."
The Service Module, a key component of ISS, was to launch in
spring 1998, several months after the launch of the initial control
module and docking module. However, funding problems delayed the
assembly of the module, pushing the entire station schedule back by a
year.
The Service Module is nearly done now, Koptev said, and will
be shipped to Baikonur for testing within a month. Koptev said a
launch date between July and September is likely.
However, Space News recently reported that NASA is concerned
that the schedule will slip further. NASA officials working on the
project think the testing schedule is unrealistic, and a launch date
of November or December is more likely.
The Service Module provides a number of key systems that make
the station habitable. In addition, it is able to maintain the
station's orbit with its thrusters. The thrusters on the Zarya
control module launched in November have a little over a year's worth
of fuel available, making a Service Module launch by the end of the
year critical.
NASA has been working with the Naval Research Labs (NRL) to
develop a backup module to maintain the station's orbit, should the
schedule slip further. The Interim Control Module, based on a
satellite dispenser system developed by NRL for military missions, has
been developed and funded by NASA as a stopgap because of the ongoing
Service Module delays.
Such module delays are also a problem with NASA ISS modules,
Koptev said. "I think in the near future, as soon as we complete our
obligations on the Service Module, it will become clear that we are
not the only ones with delays," he claimed.
There have been delays with the assembly of key laboratory and
habitation modules, but these delays have been largely hidden by the
ongoing problems with the Service Module.
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: SpaceViews - 22 February 1999 [2/4]
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Britain May Stay Out of ISS
Great Britain's space agency has advised its government not to
join the International Space Station (ISS) effort, the BBC reported
Thursday, February 18.
The British National Space Centre (BNSC) believes that a
British contribution to ISS would not be worth the estimated 100
million pound (US$164 million) cost, BBC radio said.
In an interview, BNSC Director of Science told the BBC that
"we have decided that the ISS is not worth it on a value-for-money
basis." BNSC officials also said that any role in ISS would require
additional funding, as the agency's 200 million pound (US$328 million)
annual budget is already spoken for.
Britain decided in 1987 not to participate in then-Space
Station Freedom, unlike most member nations of the European Space
Agency. However, the Labour government of Prime Minister Tony Blair
has had second thoughts about the decision, and instructed the BNSC to
study a possible role for Britain on ISS.
British-born NASA astronaut Michael Foale also drummed up
support for a British place on ISS during a trip to Britain last year.
Foale brought a list of possible projects that Britain could
contribute to ISS, such as a thruster system to maintain the station's
orbit. If Britain joined the project, it would also have the right to
fly one or more astronauts on ISS.
The BNSC report has been given to Lord Sainsbury, Blair's
science minister, for consideration by the cabinet. No timetable for
a decision has been set.
Murdin, though, believes it's best for Britain not to join
ISS. "We were right in 1987 to stay out," he told the BBC.
Congressman Expresses Concerns about X-33
A key member of the U.S. Congress is concerned that the X-33,
a prototype of future reusable launch vehicles, may never fly or be a
technological dead end, according to remarks published Sunday,
February 21.
In an interview with reporters at the newspaper Florida Today,
Rep. Dave Weldon (R-FL), vice-chairman of the space subcommittee of
the House Science Committee, said even if the X-33 overcomes its
numerous technological challenges, builder Lockheed Martin will need
support from the federal government to develop the full-scale version,
VentureStar.
Weldon said that, according to Lockheed Martin Chief Operating
Officer Peter Teets, the company's plan to finance VentureStar
development with venture capital won't work without some sort of
federal loan guarantee and subsidy.
"This is something that people have been speculating about for
a long time, but this is the first time an official within Lockheed
Martin has admitted that to me," Weldon said.
Loan guarantees have been a hot subject since Sen. John Breaux
(D-LA) introduced legislation to develop such guarantees last year.
Small aerospace companies and space advocates are concerned that such
legislation would only support major companies, automatically
anointing them winners in the commercial space marketplace.
Weldon, however, was unsure the technical problems which have
delayed the first X-33 flight by over a year can be surmounted. "The
long and the short of this is that, I think, VentureStar is five to 10
years down the road, if it's ever going to arrive," he said.
Weldon also said that unnamed "respected rocket scientists"
told him that a single-stage to orbit vehicle was technically
impossible. He added that Boeing officials described to him a
two-stage reusable launch vehicle they had designed that would be more
effective than a single-stage design.
"Some of the respected scientists who say single-stage to
orbit doesn't work say a two-stage, reusable system works," Weldon
said.
Weldon's preferred plan is to continue work on the X-33 and
VentureStar while investing in shuttle upgrades to allow the orbiter
fleet to continue operations for another 10 to 20 years. At some
point, he said, "You'll have to say, 'Are we are going to continue
along with the VentureStar technology development pathway, or we are
going to start looking at two-stage reusable systems?'"
New Evidence for Mars Volcanoes, Sand Dunes
Mars may have been much more volcanically active early in its
history than once thought, and supports sand dunes that closely
resemble those seen on Earth, scientists reported Wednesday, February
17.
In separate papers published in the February 18 issue of the
journal Nature, planetary scientists used images returned by the Mars
Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft to understand the current and early
geology of the Red Planet.
A group of scientists led by Alfred McEwen of the University
of Arizona found a series of layered deposits 5 to 50 meters (16 to
164 feet) thick spanning nearly the entire length of the giant Valles
Marineris canyon on Mars. The layers appear to have been laid down by
volcanic activity.
The layers, about 8 km (5 mi.) deep within the canyon, were
not expected. Scientists had predicted that rock fractured by impacts
that were commonplace in the early history of the planet would have
mixed up the layers. McEwen and colleagues concluded that the layers
formed after the end of the impact period, and thus volcanic events
were much more common and long-lasting than once thought.
"Volcanism on early Mars has probably been much more extensive
that previously documented, and it must have affected the climate and
near-surface environment," they wrote in their Nature paper.
The scientists left open the possibility that volcanism was
still a factor on Mars today, noting that some volcanic features
appeared as young as 40 millions years old. There is no evidence of
current volcanic activity on the planet, though.
Extensive volcanism could have replenished supplies of carbon
dioxide in the early Martian atmosphere, enabling a greenhouse effect
that kept the planet warm and wet, they noted. This requires, though,
that Martian rocks contain carbonates that can be converted to carbon
dioxide by volcanic activity, something that has not yet been
confirmed.
Another team of scientists has used MGS images to track the
movement of sand dunes on the surface of the planet. The scientists
found that the dunes were split into two types: dark dunes, made of
grains from eroded lava flows, and light dunes, possibly made from
sulphates like gypsum, similar to dunes on Earth.
"We don't really know the composition of the bright dunes but
we are inferring sulphates because Viking and other data showed a lot
of sulphates in the Martian soil," said Peter Thomas of Cornell
University. "Gypsum would be bright and soft enough to erode quickly
downwind as the images indicate."
Winds on Mars are strong enough to shift the dunes only part
of the year, when Mars is close enough to the Sun in its slightly
elliptical orbit to get the extra solar energy needed to generate high
winds. Movement of the dunes matches models of the atmosphere and
winds, Thomas said.
The results come from images taken by Mars Global Surveyor in
1998, during a break in its extended aerobraking maneuver needed to
enter its final mapping orbit. MGS completed aerobraking in early
February and, after a few final maneuvers, will begin collecting data
in its mapping orbit in March.
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: SpaceViews - 22 February 1999 [3/4]
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Atlas Launches Japanese Comsat
After more than a month's worth of delays, a Lockheed Martin
Atlas booster launched a Japanese communications satellite from Cape
Canaveral, Florida, Monday evening, February 15.
The Atlas 2AS lifted off at 8:45 pm EST (0145 UT) from the
Cape. The launch was delayed by an hour because of a possible problem
with a stuck drain valve in the Centaur upper stage's oxygen tank.
The problem was traced to a faulty indicator.
The Atlas was originally scheduled for a mid-January launch,
but problems with the satellite delayed the launch to the end of the
month. After two scrubs because of poor weather, a problem with the
Centaur upper stage pushed the launch back to the 14th, when a bad
pressure reading from a fuel tank scrubbed the launch.
The JCSAT-6 communications satellite, built by Hughes, will be
used by Japan Satellite Systems to provide voice, data, and television
signals for Japan and the Asia-Pacific region.
Venus Subject to Radical Climate Changes
The cloudy, extremely hot atmosphere of the planet Venus may
have undergone dramatic changes that may also be possible on the
Earth, University of Colorado scientists reported Thursday, February
18.
In an article to be published in the March issue of the
magazine Scientific American, Colorado planetary scientists Mark
Bullock and David Grinspoon outlined a model of the planet's
atmosphere that may have had the cloud-shrouded planet free of clouds
as recently as 30 million years ago.
Bullock and Grinspoon trace their model back 800 million
years, when a massive volcanic event resurfaced the entire planet,
dumping enough lava to pave over the planet to a depth of 10
kilometers (6 miles). That volcanic event also released large amounts
of water vapor and sulfur dioxide, both greenhouse gases.
While those gases would have initially warmed the planet, they
would also have formed clouds that would have blocked out the Sun,
eventually cooling the planet, cooling the planet down to nearly 90
degrees Celsius (200 degrees Fahrenheit).
As the planet cooled, the water vapor clouds rose through the
atmosphere, where sunlight would have disassociated them, allowing
hydrogen to escape. The sulfur dioxide would have returned to the
surface. As the planet warmed up again, the clouds cleared out,
leaving the atmosphere clear 200 million years ago.
Bullock and Grinspoon believe the planet remained clear for
more than 200 million years, until volcanic activity started up again
no later than 30 million years ago, throwing more material into the
atmosphere to form the thick cloud deck seen today.
"Our model shows Venus has changed dynamically in the recent
past," Bullock said. "Since Venus and Earth have a number of
similarities, there are implications here for our own future."
Radical changes in climate are not unheard of on the Earth,
Grinspoon said, pointing to data from ice cores that show changes of
over 10 degrees Celsius (18 degrees Fahrenheit) in less than a decade.
Eventually, though, Earth and Venus will resemble one another,
as increased energy from the Sun evaporates the Earth's oceans and
triggers a runaway greenhouse effect in about one billion years they
said. "In the long term Earth's fate is sealed."
SpaceViews Event Horizon
February 23 Delta 2 launch of the Argos, Sunsat, and Oersted
satellites at 5:10 am EST (1010 UT) from Vandenberg
AFB, California
February 26 Ariane 4 launch of the Arabsat-3A and Skynet-4E
comsats at 5:44 pm EST (2244 UT) from Kourou, French
Guiana.
March 1 Pegasus XL launch of the WIRE science satellite at
9:51 pm EST (0251 UT March 2) from off the coast of
Vandenberg AFB, California
March 7-13 Spaceweek -- simultaneous pro-space events around the
globe
March 11 Soyuz-Ikar launch of four Globalstar satellites from
Baikonur, Kazakhstan
March 14 Zenit 3SL launch of a dummy payload from the Sea
Launch platform in the Pacific Ocean
March 21-26 ProSpace March Storm, Washington, DC
Other News
Radarsat Tiff: The U.S. may back off on plans to launch a Canadian
remote-sensing satellite, Space News reported last week. The U.S. had
agreed to launch the Radarsat-2 satellite on a NASA-supplied rocket in
2001 at no charge, in exchange for access to the data. However, the
satellite will be capable of providing data with resolutions as sharp
as 3 meters, better than the current Radarsat's 8-meter resolution and
in violation of a Defense Department policy that forbids commercial
missions capable of resolutions better than 5 meters. Canada plans to
make the data from Radarsat-2 commercially available, adding to
American defense concerns. Canadian officials said that even if
denied a launch on an American booster, they would pay the extra money
to launch the satellite on a European, Russian, or other launcher. An
additional complication: the company building Radarsat for the
Canadian Space Agency, MacDonald Dettweiler and Associates, is a
wholly-owned subsidiary of American aerospace company Orbital Sciences
Corporation.
Ukraine, Brazil Deal: A Ukrainian aerospace company is working with
the Brazilian government to develop a launch site in Brazil, Reuters
reported last week. NPO Yuzhnoye, builder of the Zenit and Tsyklon
boosters, and an Italian company are working with Brazil's space
agency to develop a launch site for Tsyklon launches. Negotiations
for such a venture are ongoing, Yuzhnoye officials told Reuters.
Yuzhnoye is also involved with the Sea Launch project, supplying the
Zenit boosters. Brazil has made one attempt to launch a rocket of its
own: the VLS-1 rocket failed a little more than a minute after launch
in November 1997.
Delta Launch Date Set: Boeing will once again try to launch a
long-delayed Delta 2 booster early Tuesday, February 23. The Delta 2
is scheduled for launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, at
5:10 am EST (1010 UT). The launch has been postponed for over a month
because of poor weather and technical problems, including a power
surge before the last launch attempt February 13. The booster is
carrying the ARGOS satellite for the Air Force as well as South
Africa's Sunsat and Denmark's Oersted microsatellites.
Muscles for a Nanorover: A NASA "nanorover" designed to explore an
asteroid will be the first test for an innovative new artificial
muscle, NASA reported February 18. The plastic strips, which bend
when a current is applied, will be used on the MUSES-CN nanorover to
clear dust off viewing windows of science instruments. The rover will
be flown on the Japanese MUSES-C mission scheduled for launch in 2002
to explore an asteroid and return samples.
Mirror Matter: A class of unusual objects found on the edges of the
Milky Way galaxy may be made of an invisible "mirror" matter,
scientists reported. MACHOs, massive compact halo objects observed on
the outer fringes of the galaxy, may be made of a mirror matter
created during the Big Bang. Such matter would generate and feel the
effects of gravity, but would not generate photons and hence would be
invisible. while mirror matter was first theorized in the 1980s,
there is no way yet to detect it or to confirm that it makes up
MACHOs.
Galactic Cannibal: New Hubble images provide evidence that an
elliptical galaxy has "consumed" one or more other galaxies in its
history, astronomers reported February 18. Hubble images of NGC 1316
resolved faint star clusters typically found around spiral but not
elliptical galaxies, evidence that NGC 1316 cannibalized a spiral
galaxy in the past. Wisps of dust seen around the galaxy are also
evidence of galactic cannibalism, however, the dust ages don't match
up with the star clusters', which lead astronomer Carl Grillmair
interpreted to mean that the clusters were from an earlier collision.
In Brief: NASA is taking the forward assemblies of two shuttle solid
rocket boosters on display at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center, the
Huntsville Times reported last week. NASA is taking the cone-shaped
tops of the boosters, which house recovery parachutes and control
systems, because of a dire need for spare parts. It will cost only a
few hundred thousand to refurbish the museum pieces (and provide
replicas for the museum) compared to the $5-10 million estimated cost
to build new ones... JPL is increasing the incentive to enter its
latest naming contest. The winner of the contest to name the two Deep
Space Two microprobes will get a $4,000 gift certificate from CompUSA.
Check http://nmp.jpl.nasa.gov/ds2/ for more contest information... The
movie "October Sky" opened this past weekend to positive reviews, with
many critics calling it the best movie yet in 1999. The movie, based
on the memoir "Rocket Boys" by Homer Hickam, took in $6 million on its
opening weekend, fifth best and most for any movie premiering that
weekend.
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: SpaceViews - 22 February 1999 [4/4]
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
*** Articles ***
So You Want to "Get Into" SETI (part 3)
by Larry Klaes
[Editor's Note: Parts 1 and 2 of this article appeared in the January
22 and February 8 issues, respectively, and are available online at
http://www.spaceviews.com/1999/01/article2a.html and
http://www.spaceviews.com/1999/02/article2a.html. This is the final
installment of the article.]
Amateur SETI Organizations
Another nice thing in this era of computers and the Internet
is that you don't have to be alone in pursuing your personal SETI
dream. There are some actual amateur SETI organizations which can
help you with all aspects of your search plans.
If you want to find alien intelligences in the microwave
(radio) realm, the most common pursuit at present, check in with The
SETI League. The SETI League, Inc. was founded by Richard Factor in
1994, in response to the United States' Government cutting all funds
for NASA's SETI program, called the High Resolution Microwave Survey
(HRMS) in October, 1993.
Dr. H. Paul Shuch, the SETI League's executive director, felt
that between the advancements in computer technology and the vast
numbers of actual and potential radio astronomers around the world, a
serious amateur effort could be mounted to have a constant global
coverage of the sky, free from the budget-cutting politicians and
scant time on the professionals' giant radio telescopes.
The SETI League's Web site (http://www.setileague.org)
contains just about everything you need to know about setting up your
own radio telescope for the search. They can also postal mail you
the same information if need be. There is also loads of information
on SETI in general.
The Optical Approach
There is another way one can look for ETI transmissions that
briefly gained prominence in the early 1960s, only to be overshadowed
by the microwave field until just recently: The optical spectrum.
While not as popular or well known to those with a casual knowledge of
SETI due to microwave's dominance for the past three decades, Optical
SETI seeks to detect pulsed and continuous wave laser beacons signals
in the visible and infrared spectrum. To truly advanced societies,
laser communications offer a way to transmit large amounts of
audiovisual information and data over vast distances. Seeing as we do
not exactly know how ETI might communicate, looking for them in the
microwave and optical spectrums seems the only logical way to cover
all the bases.
For the past several years, Dr. Stuart Kingsley of Ohio, who
has often referred to himself as a "frustrated astronaut", has led
the effort to promote Optical SETI for both amateurs and
professionals. He has designed his own system called the Columbus
Optical SETI Observatory. At first glance, it looks like the typical
kind of observatory you would find in a serious amateur astronomer's
back yard. But Dr. Kingsley's choice of targets goes beyond planets
and stars to beings which may dwell in other star systems.
Seeing as more amateurs have optical telescopes than radio
ones, it can be relatively easy to adapt your system to conduct SETI.
Dr. Kingsley has provided a great deal of information on how to do
this in his Web site at: http://www.coseti.org .
As with microwave, while you won't need a large radio dish,
you will still require a dedication and seriousness to astronomy, a
working knowledge of optical telescopes and computers, a good place to
set up your observatory, plenty of free time, and some extra spending
cash.
There is also "Retrospective Optical SETI" which doesn't
require the availability of a telescope but seeks to search through
the existing historical record and database of stellar spectrographic
plates that have accumulated over the past century, looking for
anomalous spectral lines. Such lines might indicate the presence of a
laser beacon signal but had not previously been noted or had been
dismissed by an astronomer as a "glitch" in his or her equipment!
Beyond Radio and Lasers
Of course ETI might be sending messages through the Milky Way
using techniques which are neither radio nor optical, but most of
these methods are far beyond current amateur -- and in some cases
professional -- capabilities. Thus they will remain out of the main
scope of this article. You can read about these alternate signaling
methods for your own intellectual curiosity in the following article
at this Web site URL: http://www.setiquest.com/lemav/lemav0n0.htm and
http://www.coseti.org/lemarch1.htm .
Beyond the Observatory
If you prefer or decide not to become an active SETI
scientist, but still want to make some kind of a living in the field,
you can always pursue other avenues that while they may not allow you
to find ETI in person, they can go a long way towards making those
discoveries possible.
One avenue is to write about extraterrestrial life for
periodicals and Web sites. Though it sometimes helps, you do not have
to be a professional exobiologist to get published on the subject
matter in the popular science magazines. Your research into alien
life and its possible ways of being could go far in making
breakthroughs in a field that still has so many unknowns to answer.
You can also write about astrobiology and SETI to explain its
intricacies to the general public, a valuable service in its own
right. Just think, your works could inspire others to become
scientists in the SETI field and elsewhere, just as you were probably
once inspired by similar circumstances.
Most importantly, don't ever forget in your pursuit of alien
life to enjoy what you are doing. SETI and its related fields should
always retain at least some of the wonder and excitement which drew
you to it in the first place. Never forget to keep reading, thinking,
and speculating about life out there, whether you pursue this as a
profession or just an "armchair" enthusiast. You will do yourself and
the field a great deal of good with this one basic point.
The Choice is Yours
Despite how it might seem at first glance, my goal with this
article is not to discourage you from "doing" SETI. Rather, I am
presenting to you up front the realities of what is involved as the
field stands now. It would be worse for you to get all worked up and
make elaborate plans about SETI, only to be shot down in midstream.
If exploring the stars is your dream, learn how to do it
realistically, rather than be defeated out of lack of knowledge on the
subject.
If you discover that you do not really want to pursue SETI
beyond reading and thinking about it, then at least I hope I saved you
some time and energy on the matter so that you can still enjoy the
subject. Remember, you do not have to make your own SETI station to
participate in this great endeavor. Thoughtful speculation can be
just as helpful with so many unknown factors out there which have yet
to be found.
However, if everything I have said has made you still
determined to pursue either a professional career or serious amateur
goal to do SETI, then more power to you! At the very least, you will
be well rewarded in terms of what you will discover about yourself and
the Universe as a whole.
And who knows, maybe someday you will be the one sitting at
the observatory controls when the signal of a lifetime comes drifting
in from deep space. With a Cosmos as large as ours, the possibilities
are truly astronomical.
Larry Klaes (lklaes@bbn.com) is the Northeastern U.S. Regional
Coordinator for the SETI League and coordinator for the Columbus
Optical SETI (COSETI) Observatory. The full text of this article is
also available online at http://www.coseti.org/soyuseti.htm.
This has been the February 22, 1999, issue of SpaceViews.
SpaceViews is also available on the World Wide web from the
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Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: STARDUST Now On Its Wild(-2) Ride
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>From the "JPL Universe"
February 19, 1999
STARDUST Now On Its Wild(-2) Ride
Spacecraft in excellent health after Feb. 7 launch
JPL's STARDUST spacecraft successfully shot into a clear blue sky atop a
Delta II rocket from Florida's Cape Canaveral Air Station at 1:04:15 p.m.
PST on Feb. 7 to become the first U.S. mission destined for a comet, and
the first-ever spacecraft sent to bring a sample of a comet back to Earth.
Launch occurred following a 24-hour postponement due to a problem with
telemetry data from a radar beacon on the Delta launch vehicle used to
track the rocket as it ascends.
The STARDUST team reported that the spacecraft was in excellent health and
that its power and temperature levels were normal. The spacecraft is in
communication with NASA's Deep Space Network, and is controlled through the
mission operations area at Lockheed Martin Astronautics in Denver and
monitored at JPL.
"It's great to have the 'voyage' begun," said STARDUST Project Manager Dr.
Kenneth Atkins. "After the launch, Don Brownlee (STARDUST's principal
investigator, a professor at the University of Washington) and I made a
'pilgrimage' back to the launch pad. It was impressive to see that place
where so much of our last three and a half years of work had been just
hours before -- now empty. It was a moving experience."
Two very special guests attended the launch: Swiss astronomer Dr. Paul
Wild, discover of the comet that is STARDUST's destination, and American
astronomer Dr. Fred Whipple, who lent his name to the Whipple shields that
will protect the spacecraft from the hail of debris when STARDUST collects
its comet sample. Dr. Peter Tsou, who developed the aerogel for STARDUST,
hosted the two visiting scientists.
About 4 minutes after separation from the Delta's third stage, STARDUST's
solar arrays began to unfold and pointed toward the Sun. The spacecraft's
signal was successfully acquired by the NASA Deep Space Network complex in
Canberra, Australia, 51 minutes after launch at 1:55 p.m. PST.
STARDUST is on a flight path that will deliver it to Comet Wild-2
(pronounced "Vilt-2" on Jan. 2, 2004. The spacecraft will gather particles
flying off the nucleus of the comet. In addition, STARDUST will attempt to
gather samples from a stream of interstellar dust that flows through the
solar system.
Captured in 132 tiles of a glass foam called aerogel, the comet and
interstellar dust samples will be enclosed in a clamshell-like capsule that
will be dropped off for reentry into Earth's atmosphere in January 2006.
Equipped with parachutes, the capsule will float to a pre-selected spot in
the Utah desert, where it will be retrieved and its contents delivered to
scientists at Johnson Space Center in Houston for detailed analysis.
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: This Week On Galileo - February 22-28, 1999
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THIS WEEK ON GALILEO
February 22-28, 1999
This week Galileo continues to playback science data stored on the
spacecraft's on-board tape recorder. The data was acquired a few weeks
ago during Galileo's close flyby of Europa, Jupiter's icy moon.
This was the last flyby of Europa for the Galileo Europa Mission, and
the ninth in a series that began with the last orbit of Galileo's
primary mission. Data playback is interrupted once this week to allow
the spacecraft to perform standard maintenance on its on-board tape
recorder.
Data from six observations are returned this week. Five of these were
performed by the spacecraft camera, and one by the fields and
particles instruments.
Playback of the fields and particles observation occurs throughout the
week, intermingled with the five spacecraft camera observations. The
observation contains data on plasma, dust, and magnetic and electric
fields, and were recorded during Galileo's closest approach to Europa.
The data will improve scientists' understanding of the interactions
between Europa and Jupiter's magnetosphere.
The camera's observations all contain images of Europa. The first
provides information describing plains near Europa's north pole. The
second covers a part of Europa that contains a feature known as
Rhadamanthys Linea. This feature is believed to have been formed by
cryovolcanic activity, and the data will allow scientists to determine
the degree to which this volcanic activity may have occurred. The next
three observations capture data on Europa's Pwyll crater, a region of
mottled terrain, and a region with specular or mirror-like appearance.
Similar regions were observed during Galileo's close flyby of
Europa in November 1997, the last of Galileo's primary mission.
For more information on the Galileo spacecraft and its mission to
Jupiter, please visit the Galileo home page:
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Wide-Field Infrared Explorer To Survey Starbust Galaxies
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Don Savage
Headquarters, Washington, DC February 23, 1999
(Phone: 202/358-1547)
Lynn Jenner
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
(Phone: 301/286-0045)
Jane Platt
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA
(Phone: 818/354-0880)
RELEASE: 99-25
WIDE-FIELD INFRARED EXPLORER TO SURVEY STARBURST GALAXIES
One of NASA's smallest spacecraft, scheduled for launch
March 1, will tackle a very big cosmic question: What is the
history of star-formation in the Universe?
NASA's first new spacecraft in the Origins Program, the
Wide-Field Infrared Explorer (WIRE), is scheduled for launch at 10
p.m. EST on March 1 from Vandenberg Air Force Base (AFB), CA.
The four-month mission will help understand how and when
galaxies formed, and the subsequent history of star-formation in
the Universe. Answers to these questions will shed a strong light
on the very nature of the Universe.
"In many ways this inaugural mission of NASA's Origins
Program, which will study the birth of star-forming galaxies, will
move us towards our ultimate goals," said Dr. Harley Thronson,
acting director of the Astronomical Search for Origins science
theme at NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC. "One of the Origins
Program's long-term goals is to understand the formation of not
only the Universe, but the galaxies and stars we see everywhere in
the cosmos. WIRE will provide us with a wealth of information,
which will get us closer to understanding how the Universe could
reach the point of forming Sun-like stars and Earth-like planets.
And, WIRE will do that at a very modest cost."
"Our science team will measure how densely filled the
Universe has been with star-forming galaxies during its history,
and how quickly those galaxies have been forming stars," said WIRE
Principal Investigator Perry Hacking of Vanguard Research, Inc.,
Fairfax, VA; NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CA;
and a professor at El Camino College, Torrance, CA. "WIRE also
will conduct a search for powerful, dusty quasars in the very
early Universe, shortly after the Big Bang. If found in
significant numbers, these quasars will carry strong implications
about the age and structure of our Universe."
Additional WIRE science investigations will include
detailed inventories of some star-forming regions in our own Milky
Way galaxy; searches for small, substellar objects called 'methane
dwarfs,' which are essentially more massive versions of the planet
Jupiter; searches of nearby stars for leftover debris from planet
formation; a more complete inventory of the asteroid belt, and
much more.
The 561-pound (254-kg) spacecraft will be launched from
Vandenberg AFB on a Pegasus-XL launch vehicle built by Orbital
Sciences Corporation. The launch vehicle is a three-stage, solid-
propellant booster system carried aloft by a Lockheed L-1011 jet
aircraft. The system will be released when the aircraft reaches
an altitude of about 40,000 feet (12,200 meters).
The WIRE instrument consists of a 12.5-inch (30-centimeter)
aperture Cassegrain telescope with no moving parts and a field of
view about the size of the full moon. The telescope is enclosed
within a two-stage, state-of-the-art, solid-hydrogen cryostat,
which will keep the instrument's mirrors cooled to below -436 F.
The cryostat is designed like a thermos bottle, using a vacuum
space between layers of insulation, and uses the sublimation (the
direct transition from a solid to a gas) of frozen hydrogen to
cool the telescope. The telescope must be cold so that its own
heat emission doesn't overwhelm the light that it is trying to
detect from space.
The WIRE observatory will be inserted into an orbit with an
altitude of 340 miles (540 km) above the Earth, and will orbit the
Earth every 90 minutes. The observed data will be stored in the
spacecraft memory and sent to ground stations at Poker Flat, AL,
and NASA's Wallops Flight Facility, VA. From there the data will
be sent to the spacecraft control center at NASA's Goddard Space
Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, and then on to the science
operations center at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
(IPAC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, for data
calibration and analysis. The WIRE teaming partner is Space
Dynamics Laboratory at Utah State University, Logan, UT.
WIRE is the last of an initial series of Small Explorers
(SMEX) that have been designed and built at Goddard. The Small
Explorer office has provided the mission, spacecraft, and ground
system engineering and the principal investigator has provided the
scientific instrumentation for these missions.
The WIRE observatory was integrated into a three-axis-
stabilized spacecraft designed, built, and tested by the SMEX
Project Team at Goddard. The telescope assembly is provided to
Goddard by JPL. After an initial checkout period of thirty days
on orbit, scientific operations will be coordinated by JPL through
the science operations center at IPAC.
The SMEX program provides frequent flight opportunities for
highly focused, relatively inexpensive and small space science
missions. Each mission is cost-capped for design, development,
and operations through the first 30 days in orbit. Using modern
technology and management techniques, the program is dedicated to
the forty-year Explorer Program tradition of service to the space
science community.
"The Small Explorer program has produced remarkable
results," said Jim Watzin, Project Manager for SMEX. The SMEX
program already has four spacecraft (SAMPEX, FAST, SWAS and TRACE)
successfully operating on-orbit. "All were completed on schedule
and within or below the program cost constraints," he said. "All
missions differed dramatically from each other in form, function,
and scope. WIRE will be the fifth and final mission developed in
this manner." Future SMEX missions are to be built at the
institution chosen by the principal investigator.
The WIRE Project website is located at:
http://sunland.gsfc.nasa.gov/smex/wire/
The WIRE science website is located at:
http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/wire/
- end -
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: WIRE Prepares For Launch
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
>From The "JPL Universe"
February 19, 1999
WIRE Prepares For Launch
Origins mission set for launch March 1 or 2 from Vandenberg AFB
Final preparations are under way for the launch of NASA's Wide Field
Infrared Explorer (WIRE) spacecraft, which will soon embark on a four-month
mission to assemble a history of the star and galaxy formation of the
universe.
As Universe went to press, WIRE was scheduled for launch March 1 or 2 from
California's Vandenberg Air Force Base.
JPL manages the mission and provided the science instrument for the
spacecraft, which was built by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland.
The WIRE instrument consists of a 30-centimeter aperture (12.5-inch)
Cassegrain telescope with no moving parts, said WIRE principal investigator
Perry Hacking. The telescope is enclosed within a two-stage,
state-of-the-art, solid-hydrogen cryostat, which uses the sublimation
(transition directly from solid to gas) of frozen hydrogen to cool the
telescope.
The cryostat is designed like a thermos bottle, using a vacuum space
between layers of insulation to minimize heat flow to the inside. The
telescope mirrors are cooled to less than 13 Kelvin (K) (-436 F) and the
focal plane arrays are cooled to less than 7 K (-447 F) using only 4.5
kilograms (9.9 pounds) of solid hydrogen. The telescope must be cold so
that its own infrared light doesn't overwhelm the light that it is trying
to detect from space.
WIRE will concentrate its observations on starburst galaxies, luminous
galaxies that are producing new stars at 10 times the rate of typical
galaxies. It will also search for extremely distant ultra-luminous infrared
galaxies, very energetic galaxies that are producing stars 100 times faster
than typical star-forming galaxies.
WIRE will examine the remote universe to determine the large-scale
distribution of galaxies, which will be used to test competing theories of
galaxy evolution. WIRE is expected to detect more than 100,000 star-forming
galaxies, most of which will lie more than 4 billion light-years away.
Some of the ultraluminous galaxies will probably be many billions of
light-years away, Hacking said, possibly representing the first galaxies to
form.
WIRE is scheduled to inventory 100,000 galaxies within a region of the sky
equal to 5,000 times the area of the full moon, or between 2 and 3 percent
of the celestial sphere.
The WIRE telescope and spacecraft have recently been attached to a Pegasus
rocket, from which launch will occur under the belly of a Lockheed L-1011
aircraft. The WIRE cryostat was also recently filled with its supply of
solid hydrogen coolant at Vandenberg, Hacking said.
WIRE will be carried to an altitude of approximately 11.9 kilometers
(39,000 feet), at which point the Pegasus rocket will be launched and
subsequently place the WIRE spacecraft into a nearly polar, circular orbit
540 kilometers (335 miles) above the Earth.
Data analysis will take place at Caltech's Infrared Processing and Analysis
Center (IPAC), which is managed by JPL.
WIRE is part of NASA's Small Explorer Program, which provides frequent
flight opportunities for highly focused and relatively inexpensive space
science missions.
"WIRE greatly exceeds all of its most important performance specifications,
and was delivered on time and $10 million under budget," Hacking said. "It
is the first of the Small Explorers to do all three.
"The WIRE team has worked hard and we eagerly await the receipt of these
exciting data," he added.
For more information about the mission, go online to
http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/swire.
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Свидание Венеры и Юпитер
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Свидание Венеры и Юпитера
Вот уже несколько дней на небе можно было наблюдать постепенно
сближающиеся планеты Венеру и Юпитер. Вчера 23 февраля была кульминация этого
явления - Венера и Юпитер подошли друг к другу на расстояние 0,2 град.
Визуально казалось, что они касаются друг друга. Это зрелище можно было (при
условии хорошей погоды) видеть практически в любой точке Земли за исключением
полярных областей, причем невооруженным глазом.
Конечно же это просто оптический эффект - Венера и Юпитер находятся очень
далеко друг от друга. Сейчас Венера расположена от Земли на расстоянии 215
млн км. Она ярче Юпитера, потому что она покрыта непрозрачным слоем сильно
отражающих солнечный свет облаков. Юпитер находится намного дальше - на
расстоянии около 865 млн км, его диаметр в 11 раз больше, чем у Венеры, и он
также покрыт облаками.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Свидание Венеры и Юпитер (картинка) [1/2]
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
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sum -r/size 37319/12423 section (from "begin" to last encoded line)
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Свидание Венеры и Юпитер (картинка) [2/2]
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
section 2 of 2 of file sv-02234.jpg < uuencode 5.32 by R.E.M. >
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`
end
sum -r/size 53654/3912 section (from first encoded line to "end")
sum -r/size 17437/11833 entire input file
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Ракета Delta 2 с тремя спутниками на борту наконец-то взлетела
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Ракета Delta 2 с тремя спутниками на борту наконец-то взлетела
[SpaceViews] Вчера 23 февраля в 13 ч 30 мин по московскому времени с
космодрома на базе ВВС США Ванденберг наконец-то стартовала ракета Delta 2 с
тремя спутниками на борту, самым крупным из которых является американский
военный спутник ARGOS (Advanced Research and Global Observation Satellite)
(на рисунке). Это была одиннадцатая попытка запуска, первая была намечена на
14 января. Десять раз старт отменялся то из-за погодных условий, то из-за
технических неполадок. 28 января запуск был отменен за 2 секунды до старта -
тогда не включился основной двигатель.
Кроме спутника ARGOS на орбиту выведены датский научный спутник Oersted и
южно-африканский спутник Sunsat для радиолюбительской связи.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Ракета Delta 2 с тремя спутниками (картинка)
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
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MOG]]%%2^C0J+^R-[+)][Y8C4%1MSU`/SK/IN4[E;!QVHHJ9?ISEUHUN]U;WT
MQFP;9%DQMSNR<8^'2EV"3"GVSGO115KZHE-DG5-,&G7C6WF^;M57W%<9RH/3
MZU#EM8YBR,!ZAQ_9^5%%'4N!]QY*YM)C5T!E8[CCY<?Z5%FM!#+LWYP`<XHH
MK?%.6]<G)FA%0;2.8AX//Z4HAR#ZN@ST^(_C1172F]YR/ZB^1R?5^E#6W`]7
MZ445GE9>)@+?!X<CZ4Z)I[60M;W,T+8/,3E">/<&BBNG2_1_[,=2_E_1T-FK
M-YAD<NN,,6)/[ZO;/6-1TJ*&9+DRH_I,4@RO'[OI@445VOBS@W-M6:^TU.35
M;2&90;?>,D*V<?+BIUI;.L9(G=N3D2<_NQ110^BUV<62.[8)Y8C;LR_PJ))9
?B1=K/G!.#BBBAR:Z`DV]G]R%\QN..>:***S<V.C_V4".
`
end
sum -r/size 50965/9065 section (from "begin" to "end")
sum -r/size 65462/6556 entire input file
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 24 февраля 1999 (1999-02-24)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Hа орбитальной станции "Мир"
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Hа орбитальной станции "Мир"
Hа станции "Мир" ведут совместные работы российские космонавты Геннадий
Падалка, Сергей Авдеев и Виктор Афанасьев, французский астронавт Жан-Пьер
Эньере и космонавт-исследователь из Словакии Иван Белла.
23 февраля были проведены исследования по космической медицине и по
оценке психофизиологического состояния космонавтов на начальном этапе
пребывания в невесомости, а также состояния их сердечно-сосудистой системы.
Иван Белла установил в различных отсеках станции приборы для регистрации
электромагнитного и ионизирующего космического излучения. Hа установке
"Инкубатор" был начат эксперимент по изучению влияния невесомости и других
факторов космического полета на развитие зародышей птиц. Эти исследования
проводятся с доставленными на корабле "Союз ТМ-29" яйцами японских перепелов,
прошедшими на Земле двухнедельный цикл инкубации. Геннадий Падалка проводил
тренировки в пневмовакуумном костюме "Чибис", имитирующем земное притяжение.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
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