Дата: 18 января 1999 (1999-01-18)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: SpaceViews - 15 January 1999
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S P A C E V I E W S
Issue 1999.01.15
1999 January 15
http://www.spaceviews.com/1999/0115/
*** News ***
Nozomi Mars Arrival Delayed
Winds Delay Delta Launch
Star Scanner Glitch Causes Cassini Safe Mode
Housing Development That Threatened Observatory Rejected
Astronomers Discover Two More Extrasolar Planets
Dust Gaps, Rings Latest Evidence for Extrasolar Planets
Russian Launches of American Satellites May Come to an End
Panel Urges Caution on Shuttle Upgrades
New Science Satellite Looks for Water, Oxygen
Nearby Stars Come Under Greater Scrutiny
SpaceViews Event Horizon
Other News
*** CyberSpace ***
Mars Polar Lander
Spacecraft Slideshow: Next Generation of Spacecraft
Astronomical Links
Team SETI
*** Announcements ***
ProSpace Announces March Storm 1999
*** News ***
Nozomi Mars Arrival Delayed
Nozomi, the first Japanese spacecraft to Mars, will arrive at
the Red Planet four years later than planned in an effort to conserve
the spacecraft's propellant, Japanese officials announced Tuesday,
January 12.
Project officials at the Institute of Space and Aeronautical
Sciences (ISAS) said that too much fuel was used during a course
correction maneuver last month to safely put the spacecraft into orbit
around Mars in October, as originally planned.
Instead, Nozomi will remain in an orbit around the Sun until
December 2003, when it will again encounter Mars. That encounter will
be at a lower relative velocity than the 1999 encounter, so that the
spacecraft will need to use less fuel to go into orbit around the
planet.
The change was needed after course correction thruster burns
December 21 used more fuel than planned to make up for "insufficient
acceleration" from an Earth flyby the previous day. At the time
officials said the impact of those extended burns was under
investigation.
Nozomi was launched July 4 of last year on a Japanese M-V
rocket. The booster was not powerful enough to inject the spacecraft
on a direct trajectory to Mars, so instead the spacecraft entered
orbit around the Earth and used lunar flybys in September and
December, along with the December 20 Earth flyby, to gain enough
velocity to go to Mars. The Earth flyby was coupled with a 7-minute
thruster burn.
Nozomi, Japanese for "hope" and originally known as Planet-B,
is the first mission to Mars by anyone other than the United States or
the former Soviet Union/Russia. The $80-million spacecraft will orbit
the Red Planet and study its magnetic fields, atmosphere, and
ionosphere. ISAS officials said the delay should not prevent the
spacecraft from carrying out its mission.
Winds Delay Delta Launch
Strong upper-level winds have delayed the launch of a Boeing
Delta 2 carrying three satellites early Friday, January 15.
The Delta 2 was scheduled to lift off from Vandenberg Air
Force Base, California, at 5:39 am EST (1039 UT) Friday. However,
high upper-level winds in the flight path of the Delta 2 forced a
launch delay. The launch has been rescheduled for Saturday, January
16, at 5:39 am EST (1039 UT).
The primary payload of the Delta 2 is the Air Force's Advanced
Research and Global Observation Satellite (ARGOS) Its nine payloads
will perform upper atmospheric observations and technology
demonstrations. Experiments will range from tests of sensors planned
for use on the International Space Station to studies of orbital
debris.
Two smaller satellites will also be launched on the Delta.
The Oersted satellite, from Denmark, will study the Earth's magnetic
fields and electrical properties. Sunsat, a microsatellite built by
the University of Stellenbosch in South Africa, will perform remote
sensing and amateur radio experiments.
The Delta launch had already been delayed one day to correct
communications problems between ARGOS and ground equipment.
Star Scanner Glitch Causes Cassini Safe Mode
A problem with the star scanner on the Cassini spacecraft may
have caused the Saturn-bound spacecraft to enter a safe mode earlier
this week, project officials said January 13.
Cassini entered a safe mode, when all but key systems are shut
down, around 6 pm EST (2300 UT) Monday, January 11. The safe mode was
triggered when the spacecraft sensed a possible problem with its
orientation.
Spacecraft engineers analyzing data returned by the spacecraft
believe that the problem was caused when the star scanner on Cassini,
used to detect and track bright stars so that software on board the
spacecraft can determine its orientation, inadvertently scanned a
region of the sky devoid of such stars.
During a safe mode non-critical systems on Cassini are shut
down and the spacecraft points its large high-gain antenna towards the
Sun to keep the rest of the spacecraft in the shade. Contact is
maintained with Earth through Cassini's slower low-gain antenna.
Cassini Program Manager Bob Mitchell said the spacecraft will
be taken out of safe mode in the next few days, once the problem is
completely understood and new commands are sent to the spacecraft.
The spacecraft is in overall good health despite the safe mode,
Mitchell said.
The $3-billion Cassini mission to Saturn was launched on
October 15, 1997. The spacecraft has completed one flyby of Venus in
April of 1998 and a deep-space maneuver to adjust its course in
December in the first stages of its circuitous route to Saturn.
Cassini will conduct another flyby of Venus in June and one of
Earth in August, followed by a Jupiter flyby in late 2000. The flybys
will provide Cassini with enough speed to reach Saturn by July 2004,
where it will spend at least four years studying the planet, its rings
and moons.
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Дата: 18 января 1999 (1999-01-18)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: SpaceViews - 15 January 1999
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Housing Development That Threatened Observatory Rejected
A proposed major Tucson-area development whose lights would
have threatened a nearby observatory was voted down by county
officials late Tuesday, January 12.
By a 4-1 vote, the Pima County Board of Supervisors rejected a
request from developers to rezone more than 2,100 hectares (5,200
acres) of the historic Canoa Ranch near Green Valley, Arizona, 50 km
(30 mi.) south of Tucson, to permit the building of over 6,000 homes
as well as hotels and commercial properties, valued overall at $900
million.
The development was opposed by many groups, including
astronomers, who feared that light from the development would
adversely affect observing atop Mt. Hopkins, less than 16 km (10 mi.)
away.
Mt. Hopkins is home to the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT),
currently being converted into a single 6.5-meter (255.9-inch) mirror
telescope; two smaller telescopes of the Fred Lawrence Whipple
Observatory, operated by the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics; a 10-meter (393.7-inch) gamma-ray detector, and other
telescopes.
The close proximity of the development meant that the combined
lights coming from it, despite strict light-pollution regulations,
would have had nearly as great an impact as the entire city of Tucson.
Astronomers believed that those additional lights would have made it
much more difficult to observe faint objects.
Fairfield Homes, the company proposing the development, had
downplayed the estimates of the light pollution from the proposed
development. The company had also threatened to sue the observatories
for distributing information about the possible light pollution from
the development, claiming that the observatories, which receive
federal research funds, should not be involved in lobbying.
The threatened lawsuit, as well as concerns about the future
of observing at Mt. Hopkins, generated considerable support for the
astronomers and observatories. Nearly 2,500 astronomers, both in the
Tucson area and worldwide, signed a petition protesting Fairfield
Homes' threatened lawsuit.
"The huge response of the astronomical community around the
world to our petition as well as the numerous letters received from
our colleagues and friends played a significant role in convincing the
Board that their decision would have more than just a local impact, it
would have an international impact as well," said Mark Sykes, an
astronomer at the University of Arizona's Steward Observatory who
organized the petition.
At a hearing Tuesday night before the vote, a Fairfield
official promised to have all outdoor lights in the development turned
off by 10 pm as a way to mitigate against light pollution. "If the
issue is dark skies... we'll just turn the lights off," the Arizona
Daily Star quoted Fairfield consultant Frank Thomson as saying.
Fairfield officials announced no plans for the property after
their rezoning request was turned down by the county board.
Regulations require them to wait one year before requesting another
rezoning request. Current zoning regulations permit only one house
per 1.75 hectares (4.3 acres) on the property.
An estimated 1,000 people turned out for a hearing before the
vote. Opponents of the property also expressed concerns about water
aquifers, the environment, and archeological sites on the property in
addition to light pollution concerns.
Astronomers Discover Two More Extrasolar Planets
San Francisco State University astronomers reported Saturday,
January 9, that they have discovered two more extrasolar planets,
bringing the total of known worlds that exist beyond our own solar
system to 17.
A group led by SFSU astronomer Debra Fischer and including
veteran planet hunter Geoffrey Marcy discovered the large planets
orbiting the Sunlike stars HD 195019 and HD 217107. They reported
their discovery at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society in
Austin, Texas.
The larger of the two planets orbits HD 195019. It has a
minimum mass 3.5 times that of Jupiter and orbits its star once every
18.2 days in a slightly eccentric orbit. The planet orbiting HD HD
217107 is a minimum of 1.27 times the mass of Jupiter and orbits the
star every 7.12 days in a mildly-eccentric orbit.
Large planets orbiting near their parent stars in eccentric
orbits would likely be disruptive to any smaller planets orbiting
farther away, Marcy said. However, "If you're interested in life on
Earth-like planets, the news is not so bad, because about 95 percent
of all suns don't have a Jupiter close by."
Like previous planet discoveries, Fischer and Marcy detected
the slight Doppler shift in light from the star caused by the wobbling
of the star as it is perturbed by the orbiting planet. Such a system
is biased towards finding large planets orbiting near stars, since
such systems cause the largest wobbles.
Marcy and colleague Paul Butler have discovered most of the
extrasolar planet discoveries since 1995. They use a sensitive
spectrograph attached to the 3-meter (120-inch) Shane telescope at
Lick Observatory in California and have also more recently used the
10-meter (400-inch) Keck Observatory in Hawaii.
Dust Gaps, Rings Latest Evidence for Extrasolar Planets<
A gap in a dust disk around one star and a ring of dust around
another, both observed with the Hubble Space Telescope, are the latest
evidence for the existence of extrasolar planets, astronomers
announced Friday, January 8.
One group of astronomers reported that a large gap, likely
swept up by a planet, exists around one young star while a separate
group found that the dust disk around another star is in the form of a
Saturn-like ring. Both groups announced their results during a
meeting of the American Astronomical society in Austin, Texas.
Astronomers had suspected that the star HD 141569 had a disk
from observations dating back to the 1980s. But a group of UCLA
astronomers, using Hubble's NICMOS infrared camera, found the star's
disk had a wide gap, superficially similar to gaps seen in Saturn's
rings, where very little dust now exists.
"The most obvious way to form a gap in a disk is with a
planet," said UCLA's Alycia Weinberger. "The planet does not have to
be in the gap, however. It could either be sweeping up the dust and
rocks from the disk as it travels in its orbit around the star, or the
gravity of the planet could knock the dust out of one part of the
disk."
The full disk is about 120 billion kilometers (75 billion
miles) across, with an inner edge about 34 billion km (21 billion mi.)
from the star. The gap is fairly narrow: only about 5 percent the
full width of the disk.
HD 141569 is about three times the mass and 22 times the
brightness of our own Sun. It's believed to be a fully-formed "adult"
star, but only about 1 percent through its life, leading astronomers
to believe the dust disk around it is part of or a remnant from a
planetary formation process.
Another team of astronomers using the same Hubble instrument
turned their attention on the star HR 4796A, where astronomers had
already seen evidence of a planet-forming dust disk last year.
However, the team of University of Arizona and Hawaii astronomers
found that the dust disk was constrained to a narrow "hula-hoop" ring
around the star, possibly by planets.
"The rings surrounding the giant planets in our own solar
system are held in place by the gravitational force of moons orbiting
nearby," said Brad Smith of the University of Hawaii. "The narrow
width of the HR 4796A ring implies that it also is held in place by
unseen bodies, most probably planets or protoplanets."
The ring is found about 10.5 billion kilometers (6.5 billion
miles) from the star. The ring is only about 2.55 billion km (1.58
billion mi.) across, about the distance from Mars to Uranus in our
solar system.
The star, about 70 percent larger than the Sun, is thought to
be very young, no more than 10 million years old. "It is especially
interesting this stellar ring is so young, indicating planetary bodies
have already formed in less than 10 million years," Smith said.
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Дата: 18 января 1999 (1999-01-18)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: SpaceViews - 15 January 1999
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Russian Launches of American Satellites May Come to an End
Launches of American satellites on Russian boosters may come
to an end as early as this year unless the Russian government takes
steps to limit the transfer of nuclear and missile technologies, the
State Department said this week.
The U.S. this week imposed sanctions on three Russian
institutions, including the Moscow Aviation Institute, for
transferring technology to Iran that could be used to develop
long-range missiles and nuclear weapons.
State Department spokesman James Rubin said January 13 that
the extension of an existing quota on launches of American satellites
on Russian missiles will be tied into Russian efforts to crack down on
such sensitive technology transfers.
An existing agreement between the U.S. and Russia permits
Russia to launch 16 American satellites on Proton, Soyuz, and other
Russian boosters. The limit of 16 is expected to be reached by the
end of this year.
"If we don't get progress on the missile proliferation
problem, we are not going to be able to support increasing that
quota," Rubin said. "Any effort to increase that [quota] and to
permit future Russian launches of American-made satellites will
require cooperation in this area of missile development and missile
non-proliferation."
A failure to increase the quota could cost Russia hundreds of
millions of dollars in sales of launches to American companies, Rubin
said.
The quota was enacted several years ago in an effort to
protect American launch companies, who feared being undercut in price
by the Russian boosters. The agreement limits the number of launches
and the price that can be charged for a launch. Efforts to extend the
quota have been ongoing for some time, with no success.
Panel Urges Caution on Shuttle Upgrades
NASA should carefully consider any planned upgrades to its
space shuttle fleet, particularly those designed to extend the life of
the fleet beyond 2012, a panel reported this week.
A report by the Committee on Space Shuttle Upgrades of the
National Research Council said NASA should seek more input from
industry on the types of upgrades needed to improve the safety of the
shuttle fleet and, if necessary, extend the orbiter's lifetime.
However, the panel said NASA should forego any planned shuttle
upgrades that would extend the lifetime of the fleet beyond 2012 until
a decision is made whether to develop and/or use a replacement
vehicle, like the proposed VentureStar single-stage reusable launch
vehicle. Such a decision should be made by the end of 2000, the panel
said.
The panel agreed in general with NASA's proposed upgrades to
the shuttle, which are divided into three groups. The first group,
Phase II, deals with "combating obsolescence" and safety upgrades,
including an improved launch control system and additional protection
from micrometeorites and orbital debris. (Phase I was defined as
in-progress or completed upgrades for safety and space station work.)
Such upgrades are in progress or under study and expected to cost
$10-50 million.
Phase III upgrades are designed to enhance the shuttle's
capability without fundamental changes to the shuttle's configuration.
They include improved auxiliary power units, engine nozzles, avionics,
landing gear, fuel cells, cooling system, and maneuvering thusters.
Such projects are currently only under study and expected to cost in
the tens to hundreds of millions of dollars.
Phase IV upgrades would enhance shuttle capability with
significant changes in the shuttle's configuration. These proposals
include improved solid-fuel boosters (SRBs) or replacing the SRBs with
liquid-fuel flyback reusable boosters. Such upgrades would cost over
a billion dollars but could significantly enhance the performance and
lifetime of the shuttle fleet.
Any proposed change that increases the launch rate, like the
liquid-fuel flyback boosters, should be approached with caution, the
panel recommended. "The space agency should not consider design
upgrades to increase the number of missions unless NASA can
demonstrate that other government agencies, researchers, and
commercial enterprises would take advantage of the added manned
flights," the panel reported, noting that additional shuttle launches
could "unfairly compete" with commercial launches.
The panel was chaired by Bryan O'Connor, the former deputy
associate administrator for NASA's Office of Space Flight. The report
was funded by NASA.
New Science Satellite Looks for Water, Oxygen
A new science satellite launched a month ago has already
returned key data on the abundance of water and oxygen in the
interstellar medium, scientists announced last week.
Data from the Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS),
launched December 5, shows that water is relatively commonplace in
interstellar gas clouds, while molecular oxygen has yet to be found.
The discovery of abundant water is good news for astronomers
who had only been able to see water in hot clouds and had to assume it
also existed in the cooler clouds observed by SWAS. "That's important
because most of the interstellar medium is cold and that may mean that
water is in a lot more places than we knew," said principal
investigator Gary Melnick of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics.
The lack of oxygen seen by SWAS may allow astronomers to
determine how old the interstellar gas clouds, in which stars are
created, are. "Our theories tell us oxygen won't appear until the
cloud reaches a certain age," Melnick said. "SWAS, in its future
observations, will help us test those theories and determine more
about these star factories."
SWAS was launched on a Pegasus XL rocket off the coast from
Vandenberg AFB, California, last month. Its purpose is to determine
the composition of interstellar gas clouds, and in particular look for
water, oxygen, carbon, and carbon monoxide in these clouds, from which
stars form.
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Дата: 18 января 1999 (1999-01-18)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: SpaceViews - 15 January 1999
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Spacecraft Slideshow: Next Generation of Spacecraft
What will the spacecraft that will take ordinary people into space
look like? You can check out some possible designs for such spacecraft
at this Web site by Discovery Channel Canada. This site features
information and illustrations from 13 of the announced X Prize
competitors.
http://www.discovery.ca/Space/spacecraftslideshow.cfm
Astronomical Links
If you're looking for space-related Internet resources, check out this
site. Not only does it feature the usual set of links to Web sites,
but it also includes mailing lists, FTP sites, and collections of
programs, magazines, and PDF documents. There's even a collection of
space jokes! A great collection of space sites.
http://www.open.hr/space/space/links_e.html
Team SETI
The SETI Institute, which supports research into studies of life,
especially intelligent life, in the universe, has kicked off a new
fundraising effort. "Team SETI" is a way to get ordinary people
invoved in their research. Members get the latest news about SETI
efforts and additional benefits for a modest fee. Check out their Web
site for more information about how to join, or how you can win a
prize even if you can't afford to join the team.
http://www.teamseti.org/
*** Announcements ***
ProSpace Announces March Storm 1999
by Jeff Krukin
ProSpace - The Citizens' Space Lobby announces its annual March Storm
lobbying event in Washington, DC.
In a year that will see much attention simply because it's the last
year of the 1900's, much of that attention will focus on matters most
frivolous. And while a common theme will be looking ahead to our
future, 99+% of humanity will do nothing to create a better future.
Many will be content to live in a future created by others. Some will
work to create a future for themselves, one that leads to disadvantage
for others. YOU have an opportunity to create a win-win scenario for
ourselves and everyone else on this planet. Come to Washington, raise
your voice... and make a difference.
The preliminary agenda for this year is:
+ Cheap Access to Space (CATS)
+ Continuing of the Future-X program
+ Zero Gravity, Zero Tax
+ Investment Tax Credit
+ Solar Power research
+ Introduce legislation to privatize the International Space
Station
(allowing NASA to focus on non-commercial efforts like Mars
exploration)
To learn more about ProSpace and March Storm, go to
http://www.prospace.org
This has been the January 15, 1999, issue of SpaceViews.
SpaceViews is also available on the World Wide web from the
SpaceViews home page:
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Дата: 18 января 1999 (1999-01-18)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: В ориентации космического корабля Cassini замечена ошибка
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В ориентации космического корабля Cassini замечена ошибка
Hа этой неделе исследовательский космический корабль Cassini был
переведен в безопасный режим полета после того как в понедельник была
обнаружена возможна ошибка в его ориентации на пути к Сатурну. По команде с
Земли были отключены все приборы, функционирование которых не влияет на полет.
Cassini - это самый крупный
межпланетный исследовательский зонд, оснащенный сложным
оборудованием. Он был запущен 15 октября для исследования Сатурна и
Титана. Старт сопровождался протестами противников атомной энергетики,
так как двигатель на Cassini работает на плутонии, а если бы при запуске
произошла бы авария, то 32 кг плутония могли бы загрязнить окрестности
мыса Канаверал. Cassini должен долететь до Сатурна в июле 2004 г.
Специалисты центра управления полетом считают, что в ближайшее
время после анализа полученной информации и идентификации проблемы
Cassini вновь будет переведен в активный режим полета.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
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=SANA=
Дата: 18 января 1999 (1999-01-18)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: В ориентации космического корабля Cassini замечена ошибка (картинка)
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`
end
sum -r/size 12055/8350 section (from "begin" to "end")
sum -r/size 39617/6039 entire input file
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 18 января 1999 (1999-01-18)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Россия готовит свой дешевый "шаттл"
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Россия готовит свой дешевый "шаттл"
Hа HПО "Молния" ведется разработка российского космического челнока,
который предполагается использовать для запуска спутников и проведения
экспериментов в космосе. Стоить этот корабль, получивший название МАКС
(Многоцелевая аэрокосмическая система), будет намного меньше
американского "шаттла". Его грузоподъемность составляет около 9 тонн.
Стоимость запуска одной тонны груза на МАКСе составит 979 дол., тогда как
для нынешних американских и российских ракет она составляет 19600 дол.
Челнок будет запускаться с грузового самолета АH-124 ("Мрия"), который
станет летающим космодромом. Таким образом, МАКС можно будет запустить
из любой точки земного шара. АH-124 летает со скоростью 800 км/ч. Для старта
в воздухе на МАКСе будут включаться собственные ракеты, которые и выведут
его на орбиту, а приземлиться МАКС сможет почти на любой
взлетно-посадочной полосе.
Проект частично финансируется московским правительством, однако
конкретные сроки разработки МАКСа пока не определены. Предполагается,
что на это потребуется несколько лет. Ведутся работы и над созданием более
тяжелой версии МАКСа грузоподъемностью до 18 тонн.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 18 января 1999 (1999-01-18)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: NASA собирается заняться сбором звездной пыли
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
NASA собирается заняться сбором звездной пыли
6 февраля должен состояться старт космического корабля Stardust ("Звездная
пыль"), его полет должен продлиться 7 лет. Stardust отправится за звездной
пылью к комете Wild-2 (на рисунке художник изобразил их встречу), но по дороге
он будет также собирать пыль в недавно открытых потоках частиц, пролетающих
через Солнечную систему. Частицы, которые будет собирать Stardust, очень малы
- их размер составляет менее 1 мкм. Stardust должен будет встретиться с
кометой Wild-2 2 января 2004 г. и взять образцы пыли из облака, окружающего ее
дро. Он будет лететь сквозь град кометных обломков в течение 10 часов. При
подлете к пылевому облаку Stardust раскроет свою ловушку для пыли, которая
напоминает по форме теннисную ракетку. Частицы пыли будут застревать в
аэрогеле, который уже использовался для исследовани метеорного потока Леониды.
После сбора пыли ловушка с аэрогелем будет помещена в капсулу,
которая должна будет возвратиться на Землю 15 января 2006 г. и приземлиться
на парашюте в пустынной местности в штате Юта.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 18 января 1999 (1999-01-18)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: NASA собирается заняться сбором звездной пыли (картинка) [1/2]
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
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sum -r/size 12973/12423 section (from "begin" to last encoded line)
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 18 января 1999 (1999-01-18)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: NASA собирается заняться сбором звездной пыли (картинка) [2/2]
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
section 2 of 2 of file sv-01153.jpg < uuencode 5.32 by R.E.M. >
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end
sum -r/size 6232/2024 section (from first encoded line to "end")
sum -r/size 30433/10462 entire input file
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 18 января 1999 (1999-01-18)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: NASA Hurricane Study Reveals Intriguing Results
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
David E. Steitz
Headquarters, Washington, DC January 15, 1999
(Phone: 202/358-1730)
Tim Tyson
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL
(Phone: 256/544-0034)
RELEASE: 99-4
NASA HURRICANE STUDY REVEALS INTRIGUING RESULTS
NASA and other weather researchers have gained intriguing new
information about upper-level winds that drive hurricanes and the
devastating impact of the storms as they collide with mountains.
The research is from a seven-week study conducted last summer
during the Third Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-3) that
involved NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) and several universities in a concentrated effort to gauge
the strength of Atlantic hurricane winds and rainfall.
"The wind patterns flowing into and out of the hurricanes at
the upper altitudes were much more complicated than had been
anticipated," said the lead mission scientist, Robbie Hood of
NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL. "At times,
strong wind gusts were recorded at positions farther from the
eyewall or with magnitudes greater than expected."
CAMEX-3 used a variety of data-gathering instruments aboard
aircraft and spacecraft. Researchers flew aboard NASA's specially
equipped DC-8 jetliner into hurricanes Bonnie, Danielle, Earl and
Georges. An instrument-laden NASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft
also was flown above the hurricanes to collect first-of-its-kind
data. Researchers utilized data from the Tropical Rainfall
Measuring Mission satellite and from specially designed laser
instruments aboard the DC-8. The data are expected to help
weather forecasters better predict storm strength and direction --
potentially saving lives and reducing evacuation zones along
coastal areas.
"The multi-aircraft datasets obtained by NASA aircraft in
these hurricanes are unprecedented in their comprehensiveness,"
said Dr. Ed Zipser, a weather expert from Texas A&M University in
College Station. "They will provide researchers with the raw
material to understand severe storms and their environment, and
lead to improved track and intensity forecasts in the future."
"The amazing thing about this data from Georges is that the
rain was enhanced significantly by the mountains in the interior
of the Dominican Republic," said NASA researcher Dr. Gerald
Heymsfield of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD.
"We got a glimpse of the storm's impact with the mountainous
island and the subsequent rain that eventually caused significant
loss of life."
Heymsfield's images from a Doppler radar on the high-altitude
aircraft show Hurricane Georges slamming into 9,000-foot mountains
-- producing what appeared to be huge thunderstorms over the
mountains.
"Understanding this very complicated interaction between
Hurricane Georges and the mountains will keep us busy for a
while," said Heymsfield.
The two NASA aircraft were flown a combined total of 132
hours over the month-long mission to sample various aspects of the
hurricane environment. Information from three storms was captured
while they made landfall. The hurricane team also utilized
ground-based instruments on Andros Island, Bahamas, to monitor the
daily tropical environment before and after each storm.
"Since each hurricane has its own personality with varying
characteristics, having information describing four different
storms represents a tremendous opportunity to improve our
understanding of how hurricanes develop, change and move," said
Hood. "Although these opportunities don't provide immediate
comfort to those who directly experienced this season's
devastating storms, the wealth of information collected by all the
agencies will lead to better hurricane forecast capabilities in
the future," she added.
"The real success of CAMEX-3 was the breadth of hurricane
information collected," said Dr. Ramesh Kakar of NASA Headquarters
in Washington, DC, who is the atmospheric dynamics and remote
sensing program manager. "The combination of scientists from
eight NASA Centers, and the multi-agency, multi-university
teamwork of CAMEX-3 was a tremendous example for future research
activities."
Kakar said key to the success of CAMEX was assistance to NASA
from numerous universities; the pilots and crews from NASA's
Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, CA; team members from
Goddard and NASA's Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA; and the
project management staff from NASA's Ames Research Center,
Mountain View, CA. "We're very grateful for the advice and
coordination efforts of NOAA and the support from the Air Force
Reserve 53rd Weather Squadron at Keesler Air Force Base, MS. Help
from the Federal Aviation Administration allowed the CAMEX-3
investigators to capitalize on key research opportunities when
they arose," he added.
-end-
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 18 января 1999 (1999-01-18)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Российские запуски американских спутников могут скоро закончиться
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Российские запуски американских спутников могут скоро закончиться
Государственный департамент США объявил о том, что запуски
американских спутников на российских ракетах-носителях могут закончиться
уже в этом году, если российское правительство не ограничит передачу
дерных и ракетных технологий Ирану. Уже наложены санкции на три
российских института - Московский авиационный институт, Московский
химико-технологический университет и HИИ по энергетике и технологиям.
Российская сторона опровергла обвинения Госдепортамента как
бездоказательные, а ректор МХТУ вообще заявил, что в этом учебном
заведении не занимаются разработками указанных технологий. Руководитель
администрации президента России Hиколай Бордюжа заявил, что в работе
названных учреждений никаких нарушений не выявлено.
Представитель Госдепартамента Джеймс Рубин (James Rubin) заявил, что
расширение существующей квоты на запуски американских спутников
российскими ракетами будет зависеть от усилий России по пресечению
передачи ядерных и ракетных технологий третьим странам.
Существующее соглашение между США и Россией разрешает России
произвести запуск 16 американских спутников ракетами "Протон", "Союз" и
другими. Лимит в 16 запусков должен быть исчерпан к концу этого года. Если
квота не будет расширена Россия может потерять несколько сотен миллионов
долларов. Это соглашение уже оспаривалось несколько лет назад
американскими аэрокосмическими компаниями, осуществляющими
космические запуски, они опасались, что русские собьют цены на этом рынке.
Заключенное соглашение ограничивает количество запусков и цену, которая
может быть заплачена за один запуск. Производимые до сих пор попытки
расширить квоту успеха не имели.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 18 января 1999 (1999-01-18)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Старт ракеты Delta с тремя спутниками на борту вновь отложен
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Старт ракеты Delta с тремя спутниками на борту вновь отложен
[SpaceViews] Вновь отложен старт ракеты Delta с тремя спутниками на борту
(спутник ВВС США ARGOS, датский научный спутник Orsted и небольшой
южно-африканский телекоммуникационный спутник SUNSAT), на этот раз - из-за
сильного ветра в верхних слоях атмосферы. В прошлый раз старт был отложен до
воскресенья 17 января из-за неполадок в системе связи между спутником ARGOS
(на рисунке изображено, как он будет выглядеть в космосе) и наземной
телеметрической станцией. Теперь старт должен состояться во вторник 19 января
в 13 ч 40 мин по московскому времени.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 18 января 1999 (1999-01-18)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Старт ракеты Delta... (картинка)
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
section 1 of 1 of file sv-01173.jpg < uuencode 5.32 by R.E.M. >
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end
sum -r/size 15638/9065 section (from "begin" to "end")
sum -r/size 65462/6556 entire input file
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 18 января 1999 (1999-01-18)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Определен следующий экипаж станции "Мир"
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Определен следующий экипаж станции "Мир"
Объявлен следующий экипаж станции "Мир": командир экипажа российский
космонавт Виктор Афанасьев, французский астронавт Пьер Хейньер (Pierre
Heignere) и словацкий Иван Белла (Ivan Bella). Старт с космодрома Байконур
должен состояться 20 февраля 1999 г. После 10 дней совместной работы с
предыдущим экипажем "Мира" Иван Белла вернется на Землю вместе с нынешним
командиром "Мира" Геннадием Падалкой.
Hапарник Падалки Сергей Авдеев останется на "Мире" вместе с
Афанасьевым и Хейньером. Точная дата их возвращения пока не определена, она
будет зависеть от решения России о дальнейшей судьбе орбитальной станции
"Мир". По заявлению РКК "Энергия", уже найден частный инвестор, который
собирается оплатить обслуживание станции "Мир" на орбите в течение еще трех
лет. Если эти деньги будут получены, то международный экипаж "Мира" вернется
на Землю 21 августа, а если нет, то уже 1 июня.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 18 января 1999 (1999-01-18)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Определен следующий экипаж станции "Мир" (картинка) [1/2]
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
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sum -r/size 8870/12420 section (from "begin" to last encoded line)
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 18 января 1999 (1999-01-18)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Определен следующий экипаж станции "Мир" (картинка) [2/2]
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
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end
sum -r/size 35536/3474 section (from first encoded line to "end")
sum -r/size 12082/11515 entire input file
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
сайт служит астрономическому сообществу с 2005 года
