Дата: 31 декабря 1998 (1998-12-31)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: NASA подводит итоги 1998 г.
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NASA подводит итоги 1998 г.
[NASA] В 1998 г. агентство NASA отметило свое 40-летие. В этом году
произошло много знаменательных событий в исследовании космоса.
Джон Гленн (John Glenn), который за 36 лет, прошедших с его
последнего
полета в космос, успел стать сенатором, вновь отправился в космос. Hа
этот раз он полетел на "шаттле" Discovery. Старт состоялся 29 октября
1998 г. Полет продолжался 9 дней. Гленн участвовал в медицинских
экспериментах, одной из целей которых являлось определение
воздействия космоса на организм пожилого человека.
Hачалось строительство первой Международной космической станции. В
декабре на орбите были состыкованы два ее первых модуля - российский
функционально-грузовой блок "Заря" и американский Unity.
Получены новые изображения с космического телескопа Hubble, в числе
и объектов, находящихся от Земли на расстоянии 12 млрд световых лет.
Обнаружено рентгеновское излучение самого мощного с момента
образования нашей Вселенной взрыва сверхновой звезды.
Космический зонд Lunar Prospector обнаружил на Луне лед. Теперь
ученые предполагают, что на Луне когда-то существовали северная и
южная полярные шапки из льда.
Метеорологический спутник NASA весь год вел наблюдение за ветрами
и осадками в зоне тропиков, в результате чего были получены
изображения зарождения и затухания тайфуна Эль-Hиньо.
Продолжалось наблюдение со спутников за озоновой дырой в районе
Антарктиды.
Зарегистрировано самое мощное во Вселенной магнитное поле,
генерируемое нейтронной звездой, расположенной на расстоянии 40
тыс. световых лет от Земли.
Управляемый дистанционно беспилотный самолет NASA Pathfinder-Plus
с двигателем, работающим от солнечных батарей, установил рекорд
высоты - 24,5 км.
В начале 1998 г. первая леди США Хиллари Клинтон объявила о том, что
в марте 1999 г. стартует "шаттл" Columbia, командиром экипажа
которого
будет женщина - астронавт Эйлин Коллинз (Eileen Collins).
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 31 декабря 1998 (1998-12-31)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: "Молния" разрабатывает новый и более дешевый космический корабль
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"Молния" разрабатывает новый и более дешевый космический корабль
многоразового использования
По сообщению агентства "Интерфакс", на HПО "Молния" сейчас ведется
разработка нового корабля многоразового использования, который сможет
осуществлять доставку грузов на орбиту. Запуск такого корабля обойдется
гораздо дешевле полета "шаттла". Правительство Москвы собирается помочь в
финансировании этого проекта, купив 34% акций HПО "Молния". Об этом мэр
Москвы Юрий Лужков заявил во время своего визита на "Молнию".
Hа "Молнии" уже разработана уменьшенная копия "Бурана", которая
сможет вывести в космос 8-9 тонн груза, а стоимость запуска будет в 10 раз
меньше, чем у "Бурана". Хотя сравнение здесь не очень корректно, так как
"Буран" совершил всего один беспилотный полет в 1988 г., и программа была
свернута из-за отсутствия средств.
О сроках завершения работ над новым российским "шаттлом" ничего не
сообщается.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 31 декабря 1998 (1998-12-31)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Российские космонавты встретят Hовый год на станции "Мир"
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Российские космонавты встретят Hовый год на станции "Мир"
Четыре с половиной месяца работают
на орбите российские космонавты Геннадий
Падалка и Сергей Авдеев. Теперь им
предстоит отпраздновать на станции "Мир" и
Hовый год. Как сообщается, Hовый год в
космосе будет самым настоящим с елкой,
невесомым Дедом Морозом и подарками
(неизвестно только, какого размера елка, и
как
ее доставили на "Мир"). А семьи космонавтов
отправили свои новогодние подарки для них
еще в конце октября вместе с транспортным
кораблем "Прогресс М-40". Hа них было написано "не открывать до 31
декабря". Шампанское космонавты вряд ли будут открывать (как его потом
ловить по всей станции?), а водка наверняка "на столе" будет, несмотря на
запрет Российского космического агентства на доставку спиртного на станцию
"Мир".
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 31 декабря 1998 (1998-12-31)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Российские космонавты встретят Hовый год (картинка) [1/2]
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sum -r/size 8870/12420 section (from "begin" to last encoded line)
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 31 декабря 1998 (1998-12-31)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Российские космонавты встретят Hовый год (картинка) [2/2]
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
section 2 of 2 of file mir-2.jpg < uuencode 5.32 by R.E.M. >
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end
sum -r/size 35536/3474 section (from first encoded line to "end")
sum -r/size 12082/11515 entire input file
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 31 декабря 1998 (1998-12-31)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Mars Polar Lander Scheduled For Jan 3 Launch
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
December 23, 1998
KSC Contact: George H. Diller
KSC Release No. 171-98
Note to Editors/News Directors:
MARS POLAR LANDER SCHEDULED FOR LAUNCH JAN. 3
The launch of NASA's Mars Polar Lander spacecraft aboard a Boeing Delta
II rocket is scheduled for Sunday, Jan. 3, 1999. There is a single
launch window available which opens at 3:21:10 p.m. EST. No
second opportunity is available that day. The next available window is on
Monday, Jan. 4 at 3:13:34 p.m. EST. Liftoff will occur from Pad B at
Launch Complex 17 on Cape Canaveral Air Station.
The solar-powered spacecraft is designed to touch down on the Martian
surface above the northern-most boundary of the south polar cap, which is
made of carbon dioxide ice. The lander will study the polar water cycle,
frosts, water vapor, condensates and dust in the Martian atmosphere. The
Deep Space 2 microprobes are installed on the lander's cruise stage.
These two probes, developed by NASA's New Millennium Program, will test
technology and instruments to search for water several feet below the
Martian surface.
The Mars Polar Lander has completed final checkout and was mated to the
Boeing Delta II rocket on Dec. 23. The Delta fairing is be installed
around the spacecraft on Dec. 29.
PRELAUNCH NEWS CONFERENCE
A prelaunch news conference is scheduled for Saturday, Jan. 2 at 11 a. m.
EST in the KSC News Center auditorium and will be carried live on NASA
Television. Participating in the briefing will be:
Dr. Ed Weiler, Associate Administrator for Space Science
NASA Headquarters
Ray Lugo, NASA Launch Manager
Kennedy Space Center
Rich Murphy, Delta Mission Director
The Boeing Company
Dr. John McNamee, Mars Surveyor 98 Project Manager/Mission Director
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Sarah Gavit, Deep Space 2 Project Manager
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Dr. Ed Euler, Program Manager
Lockheed Martin Astronautics
Joel Tumbiolo, Launch Weather Officer
Department of the Air Force
The NASA News Center will open for the prelaunch news conference at 9
a.m. and close at 2 p.m.
ACCREDITATION
Those media without permanent accreditation who wish to cover the launch
of Delta/Mars Polar Lander including the prelaunch news conference on L-1
day should send a letter of request to the NASA-KSC News Center on news
organization letterhead. It should include name and Social Security
number or passport number. Letters should be faxed to 407/867-2692 or
addressed to:
Mars Polar Lander Launch Accreditation
NASA AB-F1
Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899
Mars Polar Lander mission badges may be picked up at the News Center
between 8 a.m.- 4:30 p.m. beginning Monday, Dec. 28. On launch day, Jan.
3, Mars Polar Lander mission badges will be available at Gate 1 on Cape
Canaveral Air Station located on SR 401 starting at 1:30 p.m. prior to
departure for Press Site 1. A Delta/Mars Polar Lander mission badge is
required for all news media covering the launch from Press Site 1.
For further information on Mars Polar Lander launch accreditation contact
Selina Scorah at the NASA News Center at 407/867-2468.
REMOTE CAMERAS
On Saturday, Jan. 2 at 12 Noon, following the prelaunch news conference,
a NASA van will depart from the NASA-KSC News Center for Launch Complex
17 for media photographers who wish to establish remote cameras at Pad
17-B.
PHOTO OPPORTUNITY AT LAUNCH COMPLEX 17
A photo opportunity of the Delta launch vehicle for Mars Polar Lander
will be available at Pad 17-B after tower-rollback. Media wishing to
participate will depart the Gate 1 Pass & Identification Building on Cape
Canaveral Air Station at 8:30 a.m. on launch day, Jan. 3.
LAUNCH DAY PRESS COVERAGE
On Jan. 3, media covering the launch should meet at the Gate 1 Pass &
Identification Building on Cape Canaveral Air Station. The convoy
departure for Press Site 1 will be at 2:00 p.m. After launch, media may
leave via Gate 1 only. The NASA News Center at KSC will be open from 9
a.m. until 4:30 p.m.
NASA TELEVISION AND V CIRCUIT COVERAGE
NASA Television will carry the prelaunch news conference starting at 11
a.m. EST on Saturday, Jan. 2. On launch day, countdown coverage will
begin at 2 p.m. EST and conclude when mission success is confirmed
approximately one hour later. No post-launch news conference will be
held.
NASA Television is available on GE-2, transponder 9C located at 85
degrees West longitude. Audio only of Delta/Mars Polar Lander events will
also be available on the "V" circuits which may be dialed directly at
407/867-1220, 407/867-1240, 407/867-1260, 407/867-7135, 407/867-4003,
407/867-4920.
The NASA-KSC codaphone will carry Delta/Mars Polar Lander prelaunch
status reports beginning at L-3 days, on Thursday, Dec. 31 and may be
dialed at 407/867-2525.
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 31 декабря 1998 (1998-12-31)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Boeing Delta II to Launch Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2
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Boeing Delta II to Launch Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2
Boeing Press Release
HUNTINGTON BEACH, Calif., Dec. 21, 1998 -- The Boeing [NYSE:BA]
Delta team will ring in the new year by launching the Mars Polar Lande and
Deep Space 2 spacecraft for NASA.
The Delta II rocket will lift off from Space Launch Complex 17B at Cape
Canaveral Air Station, Fla. on Jan. 3, 1999. The launch window is at 3:21
p.m. EST.
The missions follow the Dec. 11 Delta launch, which sent NASA's Mars
Climate Orbiter on a 10-month journey to the Red Planet. Over the years,
Delta rockets have successfully placed into orbit an impressive number of
scientific payloads, sending planetary spacecraft to the farthest reaches
of our solar system.
The Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2 launch represent the 77th
scientific and technology development launch for the Delta family of
rockets. Since 1960 Delta rockets have carried scientific and technology
development payloads into space with a 98 percent launch success rate.
Delta rockets sent Mars Pathfinder and Mars Global Surveyor to the Red
Planet in 1996. "This year, Boeing Delta rockets have lifted Deep Space 1
and Mars Climate Orbiter into space as part of the NASA Medium-Light
Expendable Launch Vehicle Services program," said Darryl Van Dorn, Boeing
director of NASA and commercial programs. "Mars Polar Lander is the third
in this 10-mission launch program for NASA," Van Dorn added. In addition,
Delta launch vehicles will carry the NASA spacecraft Stardust, Landsat-7,
FUSE, and EO-1/SAC-C into space next year.
Both the Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2 spacecraft will travel 11
months through deep space to land next December on an uncharted area near
the south pole of Mars.
Mars Polar Lander will spend three months digging for traces of water
beneath the frozen surface of Mars and will search for evidence of a
physical record of climate change. A miniature microphone will permit
scientists to record 10-second sound bytes of natural sounds from the
planet.
Deep Space 2 is comprised of two microprobes designed to penetrate the
surface of Mars and collect samples for testing the water vapor content of
the planet's subterranean soil. In addition, Deep Space 2 will validate
the ability of small probes loaded with sensitive, miniaturized
instruments to analyze the terrain of planets and moons throughout the
solar system.
The missions are managed by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory in
Pasadena, Calif. Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, Colo., built both
spacecraft.
The Delta II is manufactured in Huntington Beach, Calif., with final
assembly in Pueblo, Colo., and is powered by the RS-27A engine built by
Boeing in Canoga Park, Calif. The Delta launch team at Cape Canaveral Air
Station will handle launch coordination and operations.
Alliant Techsystems, Magna, Utah, builds the graphite epoxy motors for
boost assist. Aerojet, Sacramento, Calif., manufactures the second-stage
engine; Cordant Technologies, Elkton, Md., supplies the upper-stage
engine; and AlliedSignal, Teterboro, N.J., builds the guidance and flight
control system.
# # #
98-103
Contact: Communications (714) 896-1301
Boeing Launch Hotline (714) 896-4770
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=SANA=
Дата: 31 декабря 1998 (1998-12-31)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Wide Field Camera 3 (Forwarded)
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[From October 1998 issue of Space Telescope Science Institute Newsletter.]
Wide Field Camera 3
By Ed Cheng (GSFC), John MacKenty (STScI), Robert O'Connell (UVa)
NASA has embarked on the construction of a new HST science instrument for the
2003 Servicing Mission, provisionally named the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3).
Intended to replace the WFPC2, WFC3 will provide redundancy for the imaging
capabilities of the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), which will be installed
in early 2000. WFC3 is part of a larger effort to ensure that HST is provided
with hardware components capable of supporting a broad suite of science
capabilities for the extended mission until 2010. This process was discussed
by David Leckrone in the "Report from the Project Scientist" in the April
1998, STScI Newsletter.
The WFC3 project is currently defining detailed requirements and studying
alternative design options. The baseline design provides a 160 x 160
arcsecond field of view using a 4096 x 4096 pixel CCD detector with 0.04
arcsecond pixels. This detector is planned to be optimized for short
wavelength sensitivity in order to provide an unprecedented wide field,
near-UV (longward of 2000 Angstrom) capability on HST. It will provide
coverage to 1 micron, superior to the present WFPC2, but with slightly lower
red sensitivity than the ACS WFC. A filter wheel assembly will provide a
selection of 48 optical elements, including a broad range of filters and
grisms to be defined with community input.
WFC3 is being constructed by an integrated product team consisting of
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Ball Aerospace. This team is led by Ed Cheng
(GSFC) with John MacKenty (STScI) as his deputy.
Following a solicitation of the astronomical community in March, 1998,
sixteen astronomers were competitively selected from over sixty applicants
to serve on the WFC3 Scientific Oversight Committee, with Robert O'Connell
as its chair. The SOC member will provide the WFC3 project with guidance on
the scientific consequences of design and construction decisions during the
WFC3 development process. They are working as volunteers without pay or GTO
time and serve to represent the astronomical community.
The WFC3 project is presently assessing the state of the returned WF/PC-1
hardware and de-integrating its major components. Together with the SOC, a
set of science drivers for defining detailed requirements and metrics are
being developed. Upon the advice of the HST Second Decade Study committee,
and with the endorsement of the SOC, the WFC3 project is exploring the
potential benefits and costs of extending the capabilities of WFC3.
Andrew Yee
ayee@nova.astro.utoronto.ca
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 31 декабря 1998 (1998-12-31)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Cassini Update - December 29, 1998
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Cassini Significant Events for 12/24/98 - 12/29/98
Spacecraft Status:
The most recent spacecraft status is from the DSN tracking pass on
Tuesday, 12/29, over the Goldstone tracking station. The Cassini
spacecraft is in an excellent state of health and is executing the Cruise
11 sequence normally.
Spacecraft Activity Summary:
On Thursday, 12/24, the Probe Support Avionics (PSA) prime status was
reset. This activity follows each Probe Checkout (PCO).
On Sunday, 12/27, Instrument Checkout (ICO) began. The first ICO
activities involved the successful maneuver of the Spacecraft to a High
Gain Antenna (HGA) to Earth point attitude. Once two-way communications
was established using the HGA, the Probe data from PCO #3 that was stored
on the SSR was played back, and a realtime command to clear the AACS High
Watermarks was uplinked to the spacecraft.
On Monday, 12/28, the Radio Science Subsystem (RSS) began ICO activities
with Ultra Stable Oscillator Test #1. The test was extremely successful
and was the first time ever for three frequencies (S-Band, X-Band, and
Ka-Band) to be simultaneously downlinked from a single spacecraft and
recorded on the ground.
On Tuesday, 12/29, RSS performed its second test, a repeat of USO test #1
but without Ka-band transmission.
Upcoming events:
The events planned for the next reporting period consist primarily of a
continuation of the ICO activities. RPWS, MAG, CDA, MIMI, CAPS, INMS,
UVIS, and continued RSS tests are the principal participants.
Cassini Outreach
Cassini Mission to Saturn and Titan
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
California Institute of Technology
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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=SANA=
Дата: 31 декабря 1998 (1998-12-31)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: January's Chilly Meteors
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January's chilly meteors
http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast28dec98_1.htm
The Quadrantids, one of the year's most intense and least observed meteor
showers, peaks on January 3rd
December 28, 1998: If you're the type of person who enjoys a bit of arctic
chill on a moonlit
winter night, then the 1999 Quadrantid meteor shower could be for you.
The shower stretches from Dec. 28, 1998 to Jan. 7, 1999, with a sharp
maximum on Jan. 3 when as many as 100 shooting stars per hour are expected.
The nearly full moon during the shower's peak will make most meteors
difficult to see, so the best time to watch will be during the brief two
hour interval between sunset and moonrise while the sky is relatively dark.
Maximum activity is expected between 2300 UT on Jan. 3 (6 p.m. EST) and 0700
UT on Jan. 4 (2 a.m. EST).
Despite the fact that the Quadrantids make up one of the year's most intense
meteor showers, they are also among the least observed. Why? One reason is
the weather. The shower's radiant is located high in the Northern sky, so
the Quadrantids are visible mainly to observers in the Northern hemisphere
where the weather is cold and often stormy in January. After a series of
autumnal and early winter meteor showers like the Giacobinids, Leonids, and
Geminids, many sky watchers have seen plenty of meteors by the time the
Quadrantids arrive. Who can blame them for lingering by the comforts of the
hearth while the shower rages outside?
The situation is almost certainly exacerbated by the brevity of the shower's
peak, which usually lasts just a few hours. Even dedicated meteor observers
are likely to miss such a sharp maximum simply because they live at the
wrong longitude. In his classic book Meteor Astronomy, Prof. A.C.B. Lovell
lamented that "useful counts of the Quadrantid rate were made in 24
Januaries out of a possible 68 between 1860 and 1927. ... The maximum rate
during this period appears to have occurred in 1932 (80 per hour) although
the results are influenced by unfavorable weather."
With observations in such short supply, it's no wonder that many basic
questions about the Quadrantids remain unanswered. For example, What is the
source of the Quadrantid meteors? No one knows.
Most meteor showers are caused by comets. When a comet passes close to the
sun, bits of dust and ice boil away from its nucleus and form a stream of
tiny particles, called meteoroids, that orbit the sun. A meteor shower
results when Earth passes through the debris stream.
Presumably the Quadrantid meteors are formed in the same way. But when
astronomers compare the orbits of Quadrantid meteoroids with the orbits of
all known comets and asteroids, they can't find a match. The source of the
Quadrantid meteor shower is unknown.
Quadrantid meteroids are in a highly elliptical orbit tilted about 70
degrees from the plane of the solar system. Some astronomers have speculated
that the parent comet was captured or disrupted by Jupiter's gravity
thousands of years ago, and that the Quadrantid meteoroids are the leftovers
from that ancient celestial collision. Advocates of this idea believe that
the original comet was orbiting the Sun nearly in the plane of the solar
system. Since its disruption, the orbit of the debris stream evolved to its
present state because of periodic gravitational perturbations from Jupiter.
Other scientists argue that the source of the Quadrantids could be an
existing comet or asteroid that has yet to be discovered. If this is true,
then we might expect to see outbursts of Quadrantid meteors during years
when the parent comet is nearby, just as the well-known Leonid meteors are
especially intense around the time that their parent comet, Tempel-Tuttle,
passes close to Earth. In this regard, amateur observations of the
Quadrantids could prove especially valuable to professional astronomers who
would like to know when to look for the source of the meteors.
Observe the Quadrantids and Become a Partner in Discovery
The NASA Star Trails Society invites you to observe the Quadrantids and to
submit your observations for analysis by scientists studying the meteor
shower. Star Trails is part of the NASA/Marshall Space Science Lab's
"Partners in Discovery" initiative to involve our readers in scientific
research. Several times each month we announce opportunities for amateur
scientists to contribute to research in astronomy, astrobiology, and other
natural sciences. For more information about observing the Quadrantids or to
become a member please visit www.StarTrails.com.
How to View the Quadrantids
Normally the best time to view a meteor shower is between 2 a.m. and dawn.
That's when the local sky is pointing directly into the meteor stream. This
year's Quadrantids will be an exception to this rule, thanks to the full
moon. When the shower peaks on the evening of January 3, the face of the
moon will be 96% illuminated, rendering all but the brightest meteors
invisible. The best time to watch, therefore, will be during the brief
interval after sunset and before moonrise. At 38 degrees north latitude, for
example, the best observing opportunity will occur between 5:03 pm (sunset)
and 7:10 pm (moonrise). The US Naval Observatory web site gives sunset and
moonrise times for many locations.
After the moon rises only the brightest meteors and fireballs will be
visible. The best time to observe these is between 2 a.m. and dawn when the
rate of meteor activity is greatest.
You won't need binoculars or a telescope to view the Quadrantids. The naked
eye is usually best for seeing meteors which often streak more than 45
degrees across the sky. The field of view of most binoculars and telescopes
is simply too narrow for good meteor observations.
Experienced meteor observers suggest the following viewing strategy: Dress
warmly. Bring a reclining chair, or spread a thick blanket over a flat spot
of ground. Lie down and look up somewhat toward the north. Meteors can
appear in any part of the sky, although their trails will tend to point back
toward the radiant.
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=SANA=
Дата: 31 декабря 1998 (1998-12-31)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Lunar Prospector Update - December 30, 1998
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Lunar Prospector Mission Status Report #63
December 30, 1998
The Lunar Prospector spacecraft is operating well and all instruments
continue to collect good data.
There was no commanding this week.
Current spacecraft state (0000 GMT 12/30/98):
Orbit: 4300
Downlink: 3600 bps
Spin Rate: 12.00 rpm
Spin Axis Attitude (ecliptic):
Latitude: -88.0 deg
Longitude: 242 deg
Trajectory:
Periapsis Alt: 29 km
Apoapsis Alt: 52 km
Period: 112 min
Occultations: 46 minutes
Eclipses: none
Propellant
remaining: 17.45 kg
The spacecraft has now been in the 40 km average altitude orbit for
over 10 days. Doppler data is being collected to verify that the lunar
gravity model is accurate at this low altitude. The tracking schedule
has been changed many times this last week due to problems with other
spacecraft, but in general we have maintained good coverage and should
have an updated gravity model in about a week. Data so far indicates
that the gravity model we have used is very good.
Data is currently being reviewed from the Clementine project to ensure
adequate clearance over the lunar terrain in the extended mission
orbit. Whatever orbit the spacecraft is placed in, the asymmetries in
the lunar gravity field cause the orbit to become elliptical, so that
over a two week period, the altitude will vary by +/- 15 km. For
highest science resolution, it is desired to place the spacecraft in an
orbit with an average altitude of 25 km, but this means that the
spacecraft will get to within 10 km of the average lunar surface during
the two weeks between maneuvers. The moon is not flat, however, and there
are several high mountains on the surface. The project is currently getting
the latest data on the terrain from the Clementine project to run the orbit
profiles over and ensure at least a 6 km margin at all times. If the
25 km orbit does not provide this margin, the spacecraft will be placed
in a 30 km average altitude orbit for the extended mission. The
maneuver to lower the orbit for the extended mission is scheduled for
January 16.
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=SANA=
Дата: 31 декабря 1998 (1998-12-31)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: NEAR Spacecraft Set For January 3 Burn
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Douglas Isbell
Headquarters, Washington, DC December 30, 1998
(Phone: 202/358-1753)
Helen Worth
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD
(Phone: 240/228-5113)
RELEASE: 98-228
NEAR SPACECRAFT SET FOR JAN. 3 BURN
A confident NEAR mission operations team is preparing to
fire the main engine of the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous
(NEAR) spacecraft at noon on Jan. 3 to put the mission on
course for a rendezvous with its target, asteroid 433 Eros, in
just over a year.
The upcoming burn will last 24 minutes and will increase
the spacecraft's speed by 2,100 mph (939 meters per second),
putting it at close to the same speed as Eros. The burn will
be divided into an initial three-minute "settling burn" with
the spacecraft's small hydrazine thrusters that will change its
velocity by only 11 mph (five meters per second), and a 21-
minute firing of the bipropellant main engine that will provide
the rest of the velocity change.
The burn will lessen the distance between NEAR and Eros as
they orbit the sun. For the next year NEAR will travel behind
Eros in a slightly closer orbit to the sun. By mid-February
2000, NEAR will catch up to Eros. The spacecraft will then
enter orbit around Eros and begin its planned yearlong study of
the asteroid.
The spacecraft's first attempted rendezvous burn was
aborted on Dec. 20, 1998, just seconds after the settling burn
was completed. An investigation by mission personnel revealed
that the brief engine burn exceeded certain safety limits
associated with the onboard system that autonomously controls
the spacecraft. This resulted in the engine abort.
Reprogramming of these values is now being completed and the
spacecraft will be ready for the Jan. 3 burn.
"We're very confident that we've found the problems
associated with the Dec. 20 abort," says Thomas B. Coughlin,
NEAR Project Manager at the Johns Hopkins University Applied
Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, MD, which manages the
mission for NASA. "The abort lost us time but the flyby gave
us valuable information about Eros' shape and mass that we
wouldn't have had -- information that will help us during our
orbital phase a little more than a year from now."
Because the spacecraft did not complete the Dec. 20 burn,
the opportunity to orbit Eros next month as originally planned
was lost. The setback presented mission planners with a huge
challenge but also an unexpected opportunity. Within days of
the abort, the NEAR team developed a complicated command
sequence for a Dec. 23 flyby of Eros to obtain multicolor
images, near-infrared spectra, and magnetic field measurements.
The commands were uploaded swiftly to the spacecraft and
executed as planned, producing images of the asteroid and
valuable data that is now being processed.
Despite the delay, NEAR is expected to complete all its
science objectives. To follow the NEAR mission as it unfolds,
visit the project Web site at: http://near.jhuapl.edu
Updates on mission activities and science results are also
available by phone on the NEAR Hot Line at (240) 228-5413. Due
to the rescheduling of mission events, the previously announced
Jan. 10 and Jan. 14 press briefings have been canceled.
-end-
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=SANA=
Дата: 31 декабря 1998 (1998-12-31)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Nearby Quasars Result From Galactic Encounters, VLA Studies Indicate
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National Radio Astronomy Observatory
P.O. Box O
Socorro, New Mexico 87801
http://www.nrao.edu
Contact:
Dave Finley, Public Information Officer
(505) 835-7302
dfinley@nrao.edu
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: December 29, 1998
Nearby Quasars Result From Galactic Encounters, VLA Studies Indicate
Astronomers using the National Science Foundation's Very Large Array (VLA)
radio telescope have found previously unseen evidence that galaxy collisions
trigger energetic quasar activity in relatively nearby galaxies. New radio
images of galaxies with bright quasar cores show that, though the galaxies
appear normal in visible-light images, their gas has been disrupted by
encounters with other galaxies.
"This is what theorists have believed for years, but even the best images
from optical telescopes, including the Hubble Space Telescope, failed to
show any direct evidence of interactions with other galaxies in many cases,"
said Jeremy Lim, of the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy &
Astrophysics in Taipei, Taiwan. Lim, along with Paul Ho of the
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, MA, reported their
findings in the January 1 issue of Astrophysical Journal Letters.
Quasars are among the most luminous objects in the universe, and generally
are believed to be powered by material being drawn into a supermassive black
hole at the center of a galaxy, releasing large amounts of energy.
Many quasars are found at extremely great distances from Earth, billions of
light-years away. Because the light from these quasars took billions of
years to reach our telescopes, we see them as they were when they were much
younger objects. These distant quasars are thought to "turn on" when the
host galaxy's central black hole is "fueled" by material drawn in during an
early stage of the galaxy's development, before the galaxy "settles down" to
a more sedate life.
However, other galaxies with quasar cores are much closer, and thus are
older, more mature galaxies. Their quasar activity has been attributed to
encounters with nearby galaxies -- encounters that disrupt material and
provide new "fuel" to the black hole. The problem for this scenario was the
lack of evidence for such galactic encounters in optical images of many
nearby quasars.
"Our VLA studies are the first to image the neutral atomic hydrogen gas in
nearby quasar galaxies," said Ho. "This is important, because, in any
galactic encounter, the gas is more easily disrupted than the stars in the
galaxies, and the gas takes longer to return to normal after the encounter.
This means we have a better chance of finding evidence of galactic
encounters by imaging the gas using radio telescopes."
The VLA can image the gas in such galaxies because it is particularly
sensitive to the radio waves naturally emitted by hydrogen atoms.
The researchers chose three quasars at distances of 670 million to 830
million light-years. The three galaxies surrounding these quasars had
different appearances in optical images: one showed evidence of mild
interaction with a neighboring galaxy; one appeared undisturbed but had a
nearby neighbor; and the third appeared undisturbed and alone. When imaged
with the VLA, all three showed strong evidence that their gas had been
disrupted by an encounter with another galaxy.
"This shows how well such radio images of the gas distribution in galaxies
can reveal evidence of galactic interactions," Lim said. "We hope to make
further studies and learn more about how these galaxy mergers actually
stimulate the quasar activity."
Quasars are among the most enigmatic objects in the universe. Though they
appear on photographic plates made by astronomers more than a century ago,
they looked like ordinary stars, and raised no curiosity. When radio
telescopes were first used to make detailed maps of the sky in the 1950s,
many strong sources of radio emission seemed to have no counterparts in
visible light. In 1960, one of these bright radio-emitting objects was
identified as a faint, bluish-looking "star" by astronomers using the
200-inch telescope on Palomar Mountain in California.
That first quasar and others identified later puzzled astronomers because,
when their light was analyzed to find the characteristic "signature" of
emission at specific wavelengths shown by particular atoms, the pattern was
at first indecipherable. In 1963, Maarten Schmidt of Caltech realized that
the pattern made sense if the light's wavelength had been shifted through
the Doppler effect by the object's motion away from Earth at greater
velocities than had yet been seen.
Because the universe is expanding, objects are moving away from Earth with
greater speed at greater distances. The speeds seen in the quasars indicated
that they were the most distant objects yet found, and, because they appear
bright even at those great distances, must be extremely energetic.
The idea that the tremendous amounts of energy released by quasars results
from material being drawn into a black hole at the center of a galaxy
quickly rose as the leading explanation. Galactic interactions were first
proposed as an explanation for nearby quasar activity in 1972. Today,
quasars are thought to be one of several types of active galactic nuclei,
all of which are powered by central black holes.
The VLA is an instrument of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, a
facility of the National Science Foundation, operated under cooperative
agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.
IMAGE CAPTION: [http://www.nrao.edu/pr/quasars.html]
A combined optical-radio image of the quasar IRAS 17596+4221 and a companion
galaxy. The orange areas are the hydrogen gas imaged by the VLA. In the
optical image, there is no direct evidence for an interaction between the
galaxy hosting the quasar and the companion galaxy. The extensions in the
hydrogen gas, however, are a clear indication of disruption resulting from
an interaction between the two galaxies.
Credit: Jeremy Lim and Paul Ho; National Radio Astronomy Observatory and
Associated Universities, Inc.
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