Дата: 17 февраля 1999 (1999-02-17)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: SpaceViews - 15 February 1999 [1/4]
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S P A C E V I E W S
Issue 1999.02.15
1999 February 15
http://www.spaceviews.com/1999/0215/
*** News ***
Mir Investor Backs Out
Soyuz and Proton Launch American Satellites
Results of NEAR Eros Flyby Reported
New Hubble Images Reveal Planetary Dust Disks
SPACEHAB Feels Effects of ISS Delays
NASA Assigns Cosmonauts to Shuttle Missions
Berkeley Announces New Radio Telescope Devoted to SETI
SpaceViews Event Horizon
Other News
*** Book Reviews ***
This New Ocean
Nothingness
*** CyberSpace ***
Deep Cold
Solar Sails Home Page
Cosmological Parameters Poll
New Mars: A Journal of the Martian Frontier
Editor's Note: In association with Amazon.com, we are now providing
links directly to the bookseller's Web site from book reviews in this
and future issues. This gives you the ability to easily order books
reviewed here at significant discounts, while we earn a small
percentage of those sales to help support this publication. We're
also working on a book review archive on our Web site, which should be
completed in the near future.
-- Jeff Foust
Editor, SpaceViews
jeff@spaceviews.com
*** News ***
Mir Investor Backs Out
The mysterious private investor who was to support Russia's
Mir space station has reportedly backed out, endangering plans to
continue use of the station beyond this year, Russian officials
announced Thursday, February 11.
Russian Space Agency chief Yuri Koptev said that claims that
Energia, the company that operates Mir for the RSA, had found an
unnamed foreign investor to support Mir for the next three years were
just "wishful thinking."
"They have indeed carried out serious work with an investor
who had the money," Koptev told the Associated Press. "But the
investor has some problems."
Energia announced in December that it had found an investor to
support continued operations of Mir for the next three years. At that
time they refused to reveal the name of the investor, wanting to wait
first for government approval of investment guarantees.
On January 22, Russian Prime Minister Yevgeny Primakov signed
a decree extending Mir's life to 2002, contingent on Energia finding
private funding needed to support operations. Energia did not,
however, reveal the name of the sponsor.
The Russian government warned at the time the decree was
signed that no government money would be used to continue the
continued operation of Mir, as the country's already-small space
budget was devoted to he International Space Station.
"If Energia can find non-budgetary money, or putting it
bluntly, sponsors, then the Mir station will continue to exist,"
Alexander Botvinko, deputy head of the Russian Space Agency, told
Reuters in January. "If they don't find the money, then we'll follow
the plan [to deorbit the station this summer] that was earlier
approved."
Rumors circulated both online and in the Russian media that
the mystery investor was China, who is developing its own manned space
program. Koptev, however, denied those reports. "If they had been
interested in flying on our station, they would have done it a long
time ago," he said.
Without private funding, Koptev said, Russia will abandon the
station in August or September, only slightly later than its original
plan, which called for deorbiting the station in June or July 1999.
An August date would allow Russia to complete one final
six-month crew rotation on the station. A Soyuz spacecraft is
scheduled for launch February 20 carrying Russian cosmonaut Viktor
Afanasyev and guest cosmonauts Jean-Pierre Heignere of France and Ivan
Bella of Slovakia.
Afanasyev and Heignere and current Mir flight engineer Sergei
Avdeyev will remain on Mir while Bella returns with current Mir
commander Gennady Padalka in early March.
Soyuz and Proton Launch American Satellites
Russian Soyuz and Proton boosters launched communications
satellites for Globalstar and Loral last week, after a January
agreement cleared the way for continued launches of American payloads
on Russian boosters.
A Soyuz booster, with an Ikar upper stage, lifted off from
Baikonur, Kazakhstan at 10:54 pm EST February 8 (0354 UT February 9).
There were no problems with the launch and the four Globalstar
satellites carried on the booster were acquired by ground controllers
several hours after launch.
Globalstar has an ambitious launch schedule in an effort to
complete its constellation of 52 satellites (48 operational and 4
spare) by the end of the year. Three more Soyuz-Ikar launches are
planned through April, followed by three Delta 2 launches in May
through August. Two more launches each of the Soyuz-Ikar and Delta
are planned from September through December.
Each Soyuz-Ikar and Delta 2 booster can carry four Globalstar
satellites. In addition, Globalstar has an option for a September
Ariane 4 launch that can carry six satellites, if needed.
A Proton, operated by the Russian-American joint venture
International Launch Services, lifted off from Baikonur at 12:12 am
EST (0512 UT) carrying the Telstar 6 satellite. The launch proceeded
smoothly, with no problems reported.
The satellite will go into geosynchronous orbit at 93 degrees
west and provide video and data communications for North America and
the Caribbean. The satellite was built by Space Systems/Loral and is
owned by Loral Skynet.
The launch was previously planned for late January, but a
problem with a computer in the Proton's Blok-DM upper stage delayed
the launch until the 15th.
The launches were the first after a trilateral agreement among
the U.S., Russia, and Kazakhstan was signed in Moscow last month. The
agreement sets up safeguards to protect sensitive American
technologies on satellites.
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=SANA=
Дата: 17 февраля 1999 (1999-02-17)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: SpaceViews - 15 February 1999 [4/4]
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*** Book Reviews ***
This New Ocean: The Story of the First Space Age
by William E. Burrows
Random House, 1998
hardcover, 724 pp., illus.
ISBN 0-679-44521-8
US$34.95/C$48.95
Buy this book at Amazon.com:
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679445218/spaceviews
The concept of a one-volume history of humanity's ventures
into space is hardly original. there have been dozens, if not
hundreds, of books published over the years that seek to encapsulate
the entire "space age" into a single volume; there are many more that
limit themselves to a single but broad aspect of space history.
However, there are few books that as good a comprehensive, detailed
history of space exploration as William Burrow's "This New Ocean".
Burrow defines the "first" Space Age from the time of Sputnik
through the end of the Cold War. This is somewhat later than defined
by other writers (who end the first phase of the Space age with the
end of race to the Moon), but makes sense: even the post-Apollo
program was driven to a degree by competition with the Soviets. The
book also covers some "prehistory" of space from ancient Greek myths
though World War Two and its aftermath, and also looks at the present
state of and future hopes for space exploration.
Burrows's approach to space history is refreshingly evenhanded
and balanced. He is not trying to push a particular point of view or
theory to explain why we went into space, and shaping the facts to fit
that theory, but rather presenting what happened, placing individual
events in the larger context of history. Unlike other works of space
history, that may unduly focus on the manned space program, Burrows
also provides detailed looks at military space program and space
science projects, in both the U.S. and Russia (which is not
surprising, since Burrows has written books on both topics in the
past.)
A single-volume look at such a broad topic can't cover all the
details, yet Burrows manages to bring in a number of interesting
nuggets not widely known, like polls that indicate that Sputnik had
far less of an impact of public opinion than commonly thought, and the
time the CIA "kidnapped" a Russia Lunik satellite for a night while in
a Mexican exhibition to see how it worked. At $34.95 the price is a
little steep, but one will be hard-pressed to find a better single
book on space history than "This New Ocean."
Nothingness: The Science of Empty Space
by Henning Genz
Perseus Books, 1998
hardcover, 340pp., illus.
ISBN 0-7382-0061-1
US$30/C$43.50
Buy this book at Amazon.com:
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0738200611/spaceviews
Space is empty, right? Well, it's not completely empty, since
there are atoms of hydrogen, helium, and other elements in the
interstellar medium. And even if you got rid of those, there would be
photons of all wavelengths passing through it, not to mention "virtual
particles" that zap into and out of existence in a quirk of quantum
mechanics. Physicist Henning Genz explores the topic of "empty" space
in the book "Nothingness".
Genz provides a history of the study of empty space, from
early experiments with vacuums to present-day theoretical studies of
the nature of space. The book is mostly science, with some theology
and philosophy thrown in along the way. Ironically, for a book about
empty space, its contents can get pretty dense along the way (perhaps
as a byproduct from the translation from its original German version,
"Die Entdeckung des Nichts"). However, if you're interested in just
how empty "empty space" really is, check out "Nothingness".
*** CyberSpace ***
Deep Cold
During the height of the Space Race both the United States and
the Soviet Union proposed a number of innovative spacecraft, like the
Dyna-Soar, Spiral, and Zvezda. Those spacecraft never flew, but they
are remembered here at Deep Cold. The site's owner, Dan Roam, has
created some computer-generated -- but extremely realistic -- images
of the spacecraft as they might have flown. (The images may take a
moment to download on a slow connestion, but they're well worth any
wait.) Deep Cold is a fascinating look at spacecraft that never were!
http://www.deepcold.com/
Solar Sails Home Page
While the recent Znamya-2.5 experiment didn't succeed, there's
a strong future ahead for solar sails. This site, by a French group
developing their own solar sail projects, provides information on the
possibilities of "photonic propulsion." The site has not only basic
information and links to other resources, but some special features,
including a comic based on an Arthur C. Clarke short story on solar
sails and a solar sail simulator Java applet.
http://www.ec-lille.fr/~u3p/
Cosmological Parameters Poll
The Big Bang theory is well-established as the cause of the
origin of the universe, but what of its eventual fate? Recent
astronomical observations have suggested that the universe might
continue to expand at an accelerating rate, and not come to a stop as
once thought. You can weigh in with your opinions at this site.
Provide three key cosmological parameters and see what happens to the
universe. Vote for the combination you believe best matches what will
happen to the universe.
http://www.snafu.de/~bigbang/poll.html
New Mars: A Journal of the Martian Frontier
New Mars, a publication of the Mars Society, takes a look at
the prospects for future robotic and human exploration of Mars. The
site includes feature articles on various aspects of Martian
exploration, opinion pieces, general Mars and society-specific news,
an art gallery, and other features. An intriguing look at a new
frontier!
http://www.newmars.com/
This has been the February 15, 1999, issue of SpaceViews.
SpaceViews is also available on the World Wide web from the
SpaceViews home page:
http://www.spaceviews.com/
or via anonymous FTP from ftp.seds.org:
ftp://ftp.seds.org/pub/info/newsletters/spaceviews/text/19990215.txt
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For editorial questions and article submissions for SpaceViews,
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// \ // | of the National Space Society (NSS)
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=SANA=
Дата: 17 февраля 1999 (1999-02-17)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Cassini Update - February 12, 1999
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Cassini Significant Events
for 02/05/99 - 02/11/99
Spacecraft Status:
The most recent spacecraft status is from the DSN tracking pass on
Thursday, 02/11, over the Goldstone tracking station. The Cassini
spacecraft is in an excellent state of health and is operating nominally.
The speed of the spacecraft can be viewed on the "Where is Cassini Now?"
web page (http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/cassini/today/).
Spacecraft Activity Summary:
On Friday, 02/05, the VIMS High Level Decontamination Heaters were turned
off as part of nominal procedures following a TCM (Trajectory Correction
Maneuver) and the downlink data rate was returned to 40 bps.
On Tuesday, 02/09, an SSR Pointer Reset was performed.
Upcoming events:
Activities scheduled for the week of 02/12-02/18 include: an SSR Pointer
Reset on 02/16 and Flight Software Partition Maintenance on 02/17. Ranging
only passes occur on 02/14 and 02/18.
Cassini Outreach
Cassini Mission to Saturn and Titan
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
California Institute of Technology
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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=SANA=
Дата: 17 февраля 1999 (1999-02-17)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Китай планирует запустить свой собственный "шаттл"
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Китай планирует запустить свой собственный "шаттл"
Китай собирается в конце будущего года запустить свой первый беспилотный
корабль многоразового использования. О его названии пока не сообщается.
Сейчас в Китае ведутся активные работы по запуску пилотируемого
космического корабля. Если это произойдет, то Китай станет третьей страной,
способной запустить своего космонавта в космос на своей собственной ракете.
Китай уже давно собирался отправить человека в космос. В 1979 г. в
китайской прессе появились фотографии тренировок китайского астронавта, но
вскоре работы по проекту были прекращены. В конце 80-х годов в Китае начались
разговоры о создании небольшого пилотируемого корабля многоразового
использования. Hо дело опять кончилось ничем. Однако в 1991 г. Китай начал
космическое сотрудничество с Россией. Тогда 2 китайских космонавта прошли
базовый курс подготовки в Звездном городке и вернулись в Китай для передачи
своего опыта другим кандидатам. В 1996 г. глава Российского космического
агентства Юрий Коптев был с визитом в Китае, во время которого было подписано
соглашение о космическом сотрудничестве между двумя странами.
Hекоторые аналитики подозревают, что Китай купил стыковочную систему,
использующуюся на российских космических кораблях. Ходили даже слухи,
опровергаемые Российским космическим агентством, что китайцы собираются
заплатить за дальнейшее пребывание станции "Мир" на орбите. Hо нет никаких
сомнений в том, что Китай имеет все необходимое для запуска человека в
космос. Китайцы уже запускали в космос крыс и мышей и возвращали их на Землю.
Сейчас Китай ведет разработку модифицированной версии ракеты-носителя Long
March 2E, которая могла бы доставить человека в космос. Ходят слухи, что
полет состоится уже в октябре этого года и будет приурочен к 50-летию
образования КHР (1 октября 1949 г.).
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
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=SANA=
Дата: 17 февраля 1999 (1999-02-17)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: SpaceViews - 15 February 1999 [2/4]
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Results of NEAR Eros Flyby Reported
The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous spacecraft's first close
encounter with the asteroid Eros shows that the asteroid is slightly
smaller than originally thought but is most likely a solid body and
not a rubble pile, scientists reported Monday, February 8.
The results were collected during NEAR's December 23 flyby of
the asteroid, which occurred when a spacecraft glitch prevented NEAR
from going into orbit around Eros as planned in January. The
spacecraft took over 200 images and spectral observations of the
asteroid at distances as close as 3,830 km (2,375 mi.).
The data showed that Eros is slightly smaller than Earth-based
radar data originally indicated. Images show that Eros is 33 by 13 by
13 km (20.5 by 8 by 8 mi.) in size. Radar data previously indicated
that Eros was somewhat larger, 40.5 by 14.5 by 14 km (25.1 by 9 by 8.7
mi.).
The images revealed a number of craters on the surface of
Eros, as expected, with the two largest about 8.5 and 6.5 km (5.3 and
4 mi.) in diameter. Scientists saw fewer craters on Eros than seen in
Galileo images of the main belt asteroid Ida, suggesting that Eros may
be significantly younger that Ida.
Also seen on Eros was a long ridge 20 km (12 mi.) long. That,
coupled with a measured density of 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter
(1.55 ounces per cubic inch), suggests to scientists that Eros is a
solid body, and not a collection of rubble.
In contrast, the large craters and low densities seen on
Mathilde, a main-belt asteroid NEAR flew by in June 1997, made it
likely that Mathilde was a loosely-bound collection of rubble and not
a solid body. Some scientists have suggested that a significant
fraction of asteroids may be such "rubble piles."
While the data returned by NEAR was useful for scientific
purposes, mission planners will also use it to prepare for the next
time NEAR encounters Eros, in February 2000. NEAR is scheduled to go
into orbit at that time and spend a year studying the asteroid in
detail in an orbit that goes to within 15 km (9 mi.) of the surface.
"The flyby of Eros has given us fundamental information that
will help us plan a better orbital mission at Eros," said Andrew F.
Cheng, NEAR project scientist at APL. "It has taken some of the risk
out of our orbit insertion maneuver and early operations."
NEAR was to go into orbit around Eros in January, but the
first of four thruster burns required failed December 20 when software
onboard the spacecraft aborted the burn just as it started. The faulty
software has since been corrected.
New Hubble Images Reveal Planetary Dust Disks
New Hubble Space Telescope images of young stars have revealed
the existence of dust disks that may be evidence of planetary systems
forming around these stars, astronomers reported Tuesday, February 9.
Images of six young stars in a star-forming region 450
light-years away in the constellation Taurus, taken by Hubble's Near
Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrograph (NICMOS) instrument,
show that all six have dark bands, interpreted as lanes of dust from a
disk encircling the star.
"While the existence of these disks has been known from prior
infrared and radio observations, the Hubble images reveal important
new details such as a disk's size, shape, thickness, and orientation,"
said astronomer Deborah Padgett of Caltech's Infrared Processing and
Analysis Center.
The problem with seeing dust disks directly is that the bright
light from the star washes out any reflected light from the disk. The
best way to see these dust disks, as with the Hubble images, is to
look for disks that appear edge-on as seen from Earth, so that the
disk blocks light from the star.
All the disks have estimated sizes of 8-16 times Neptune's
distance from the star. It's thought that planetary systems form from
such dust disks, although there is no evidence in the Hubble images
that planets are in fact forming.
A Hubble Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) image of
another star system shows evidence of dust disks around a binary star
system. In this case, the disk has formed around the fainter of the
two stars, to a distance of 3.5 times Neptune's distance from the Sun.
"The Hubble images of this disk offer further evidence that
planet formation should be possible in binary star systems," said
astronomer Karl Staplefeldt of JPL.
The masses of all the disks seen, based on estimated from
computer models, range from 1/200th to 1/10000th the mass of the Sun.
By comparison, the mass of all the planets in the solar system,
thought to be a small fraction of the total mass of the dust disk from
which they formed, is 1/1000th of the Sun.
SPACEHAB Feels Effects of ISS Delays
Continued delays in the International Space Station (ISS)
project are hurting the bottom line of SPACEHAB, one of the companies
involved in the project, the company reported late Thursday, February
12.
SPACEHAB announced that it had a net loss of $1.9 million, or
$0.17 per share, in the second quarter of its 1999 fiscal year, which
ended December 31 of 1998. SPACEHAB had a net income of $5.7 million,
$0.43 per share, for the same period a year ago.
SPACEHAB chairman and CEO Shelley Harrison blamed the loss on
delays in shuttle flights that carry SPACEHAB modules caused by
ongoing delays with ISS.
"While our first mission to the ISS is still scheduled for May
1999, our second resupply mission has been postponed until after the
launch of the Russian Service Module that is now scheduled for
September 1999," Harrison said. "The revenue for this mission was
nearly $2 million below our expectations for the quarter ended
December 31, 1998."
The ISS delays are also having an impact on SPACEHAB payloads
that fly on other shuttle missions. "The debut of our Research Double
Module has been slipped to December 2000," Harrison said. "A new
research mission opportunity that was supported by a $15 million
Congressional appropriation added to NASA's fiscal 1999 budget is now
awaiting a mid-2000 flight opportunity."
SPACEHAB makes habitation modules that fit inside the
shuttle's cargo bay that provide additional room for research and
storage during shuttle missions. The modules are owned by SPACEHAB;
NASA pays for their use for each mission at a much lower cost than
what it would cost the space agency to build and own the modules
themselves.
SPACEHAB modules have flown on a dozen shuttle missions,
including the STS-95 mission last fall that featured the second flight
of John Glenn. A logistics double module, carrying supplies for ISS,
will fly on the next shuttle mission, STS-96, scheduled for May.
SPACEHAB stock (NASDAQ:SPAB) closed at 9 1/4 Thursday, up 1/4;
the financial news was released after the close of trading. The stock
closed 3/8 lower on Friday.
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=SANA=
Дата: 17 февраля 1999 (1999-02-17)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Galileo Update - February 12, 1999
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MEDIA RELATIONS OFFICE
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIF. 91109. TELEPHONE (818) 354-5011
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov
Galileo Europa Mission Status
February 12, 1999
NASA's Galileo spacecraft is out of safing mode and has
resumed normal flight operations, including playback of pictures
and other science data gathered during the January 31 Europa
flyby. Four hours after that flyby, Galileo entered safing mode-
-a built-in protection mode designed to turn off all non-
essential spacecraft activities-- while the spacecraft was
performing a sun acquisition turn. The turn was halted when
onboard fault protection software determined that the turn was
lasting longer than it should have.
Normal operations of the spacecraft were restored Wednesday,
February 10, and the playback of science data resumed Thursday
morning, February 11. All observations made by Galileo's
instruments during the close approach to Europa on January 31
were successfully stored and are being transmitted to Earth.
After Galileo entered safing mode, scientists were unable to make
planned distant observations of Europa, Io and Jupiter.
Galileo has gathered a wealth of information about Europa
during the past three years. The spacecraft is currently halfway
through a two-year extended Galileo Europa Mission, a follow-on
to the primary mission that studied Jupiter, its moons and its
magnetic environment.
The Galileo project team is continuing its analysis of the
events leading up to the safing. Analysis to date shows this
event is unrelated to previous anomalies.
#####
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=SANA=
Дата: 17 февраля 1999 (1999-02-17)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: This Week On Galileo - February 15-21, 1999
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THIS WEEK ON GALILEO
February 15-21, 1999
Galileo has returned to operating in a normal mode after executing two
turns last week to point the spacecraft's radio antenna back to Earth.
This week's activity focuses on playback of science information acquired
during Galileo's January 31, 1999 flyby of Europa. Playback is interrupted
once this week to perform another spacecraft turn to keep Galileo's
radio antenna pointed towards Earth.
Last week's spacecraft turns were required after on-board fault
protection software detected that a previous spacecraft turn, attempted
on January 31, was taking too long to complete. The software correctly
placed the spacecraft in safe mode to await instructions from Earth, but
prevented it from achieving the desired Earth-pointed attitude. All remaining
encounter commands were cancelled when Galileo entered safe mode,
preventing the spacecraft from making planned distant observations of
Europa, Io and Jupiter.
Investigations into the anomaly suggest that it was caused by a minimum
or inflection point in the sensitivity of two sensors used to detect
the sun, which was being used as a guide for the spacecraft turn. This
vulnerability of the sun sensors may be partially due to exposure to
radiation at Jupiter, but is not expected to have any impact on the
remainder of Galileo's mission.
Cruise operations were initiated last Thursday, February 11, and
included standard maintenance on the spacecraft's propulsion system,
and a standard gyroscope performance test. Processing and transmission
to Earth of observations taken prior to safing was also initiated last
Thursday. Through this week Galileo's playback schedule includes
observations obtained by the near-infrared mapping spectrometer, the
photopolarimeter radiometer, the spacecraft camera, and the suite of
six fields and particles instruments.
The photopolarimeter radiometer returns four observations during this
period, all containing polarimetry measurements. Two of these focus on
Jupiter and will allow scientists to learn more about the vertical
cloud structure of Jupiter's atmosphere, including particle shape and
size. The other two observations focus on Europa and will provide
information on the texture and composition of Europa's surface
materials.
The near-infrared mapping spectrometer returns six observations--three
of a hot spot and three of a region of Jupiter's Northern Temperate
Belt. Each observation will provide measurements of the composition
and thermal properties of these regions of Jupiter's atmosphere.
The camera returns five observations during this week. All contain
Europa and were taken during the spacecraft's close flyby of the icy
moon. The first observation contains the Tegid crater region and will
be used to characterize the crater's shape and determine if it has a
central dome feature similar to craters seen on other Galilean
satellites. The second observation contains a region of mottled or
blotchy-looking terrain in an attempt to determine if there is any
relationship between this type of terrain and Europa's well known
triple band features. In a regional observation, the camera captures
two images. The first of these images will fill a gap in an already
existing map of Europa, while the second will be used to determine
whether or not Europa's rotation is synchronous. The last two
observations of this week will provide information on the structure of
Europa's north polar plains.
Finally, the fields and particles instruments begin the return of their
observation of the plasma, dust, and magnetic and electric fields
surrounding Europa. These data were recorded during the 50 minutes
when Galileo was closest to Europa and will improve the understanding
of the interaction between Europa and Jupiter's magnetosphere.
For more information on the Galileo spacecraft and its mission to
Jupiter, please visit the Galileo home page:
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 17 февраля 1999 (1999-02-17)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Спутник для исследования Земли получает новое имя
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Спутник для исследования Земли получает новое имя
[SpaceViews] Hаучная миссия NASA по исследованию Земли - Earth Observing
System - получила новое имя и новую дату старта. Решено, что спутник EOS AM-1
будет называться "Terra", запуск намечен на 15 июля 1999 г. с космодрома на
базе ВВС США Ванденберг. Hовое имя было выбрано из 1100 предложений,
присланных в ходе студенческого конкурса. Победительницей конкурса,
проведенного NASA совместно с Американским геофизическим союзом, стала
выпускница школы из Сент-Луиса Саша Джонс (Sasha Jones). В качестве приза ее
школа получит компьютерную систему для анализа данных, получаемых со спутника
Terra, а сама Саша вместе со своей семьей сможет присутствовать при запуске
спутника в космос.
Этот спутник размером с небольшой школьный автобус будет вращаться по
полярной орбите должен будет проходить над каждой точкой земной поверхности в
10 ч 30 мин местного времени. Спутник будет оснащен оборудованием для
исследования земной поверхности, океана, атмосферы и климатических условий.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 17 февраля 1999 (1999-02-17)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Ракета Atlas вывела на орбиту японский телекоммуникационный спутник
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Ракета Atlas вывела на орбиту японский телекоммуникационный спутник
[SpaceViews] 15 февраля после месяца задержек по разным причинам
наконец-то состоялся запуск ракеты Atlas производства Lockheed Martin с
японским телекоммуникационным спутником на борту. Старт был осуществлен с
космодрома на мысе Канаверал в 4 ч 45 мин по московскому времени. Последняя
задержка старта (на 1 час) была сделана из-за проблемы со спускным клапаном в
кислородном баке разгонного блока Centaur - оказалось, что неправильно
сработал индикатор.
По плану запуск должен был состояться в середине января, но задержки
из-за плохой погодой и проблем с разгонным блоком отодвинули старт на месяц.
Японский телекоммуникационный спутник JCSAT-6 построен компанией Hughes,
он принадлежит фирме Japan Satellite Systems и должен будет обеспечивать
передачу речи, данных и телевизионных сигналов на территории Японии и
Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 17 февраля 1999 (1999-02-17)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: SpaceViews - 15 February 1999 [3/4]
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Вот, свалилось из Internet...
NASA Assigns Cosmonauts to Shuttle Missions
Three Russian cosmonauts will fly on two shuttle missions this
year that deal with the assembly of the International Space Station,
NASA announced Friday, February 12.
Valery Ivanovich Tokarev will join the crew of STS-96, the
next shuttle mission scheduled for launch this May. This mission will
bring supplies to ISS that will be used on later assembly missions, as
well as install cranes on the exterior of the station that will be
used to move supplies during future spacewalks.
Scheduled to fly on STS-101, another ISS logistics mission,
are cosmonauts Yuri Ivanovich Malenchenko and Boris W. Morukov. That
mission, scheduled for launch in October, will send supplies to the
station and check out the Service Module, which is scheduled for be
launched no later than September.
While all three cosmonauts have experience with the Zarya
control module launched last year as well as with the Service Module,
only Malenchenko has flight experience. Malenchenko spent 126 days on
Mir in 1994 as commander of Mir-16.
Malenchenko was scheduled to fly on STS-96, but was bumped to
a later flight for unknown reasons. This caused some confusion
earlier this week when the mission patch for STS-96 was released with
the name of Tokarev, and not Malenchenko, on it.
The shuttle Discovery is scheduled to launch May 20 on the
STS-96 mission, with a seven-person crew that includes Tokarev and is
commanded by Kent Rominger. Atlantis will fly the STS-101 mission
with a seven-person crew commanded by James D. Halsell Jr.
Berkeley Announces New Radio Telescope Devoted to SETI
The University of California at Berkeley, in conjunction with
the SETI Institute, announced plans Monday, February 8, to build an
array of several hundred radio telescopes devoted to the Search for
Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI).
The One-Hectare Telescope (1HT) will consist of an array 500
to 1,000 small antennae similar in size to those used to receive
television signals from satellites. The array will cover 10,000
square meters, or one hectare (2.47 acres), hence its name.
The collecting area of the 1HT would rank it among the largest
radio telescopes in existence, yet Berkeley and SETI Institute
astronomers estimate that the system will cost on $25 million, about
one-third the price of a comparably-sized single-dish telescope. The
use of a large number of mass-produced dishes will keep the costs of
building, maintaining, and expanding the telescope low.
Astronomers plan to start with an experimental array of a
dozen dishes at Berkeley's Hat Creek Observatory in northern
California. Once the concept is proven, they plan to move forward
with the larger array, likely also at Hat Creek.
"This represents a paradigm shift in the design and
construction of radio telescopes," said SETI Institute astronomer Jill
Tarter. "We hope to demonstrate that a premium instrument need not
have a premium price."
Such a telescope would be a tremendous boost for SETI efforts,
which today rely on infrequent observing time on major radio
telescopes such as Arecibo. Such a system would start with
observations of 1,000 nearby Sun-like stars, according to Berkeley
astronomy professor Jack Welch, and move out to study 100,000 and
eventually one million stars.
The 1HT could also be used for conventional radio astronomy
projects at the same time as it performs SETI searches, Welch said.
"We plan to have multiple beams on the sky, and, because of the wide
field of view of the small antennas, we can look at more than one
object at a time," he said.
At the same time as announcing the observatory, Berkeley
announced that Welch had been named to the Watson and Marilyn Alberts
Chair in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence in the
university's astronomy department. It's believed to be the first
academic chair established for a scientist doing SETI research.
"Searching for other civilizations is very important, and the
discovery of an intelligent signal from space would have all sorts of
repercussions," said former doctor and National Institutes of Health
administrator Watson Alberts. "But that discovery may be a long time
from now. A chair at Cal [Berkeley] is a way to guarantee that
research in this area will continue."
SpaceViews Event Horizon
February TBD Delta 2 launch of the Argos, Sunsat, and Oersted
satellites from Vandenberg AFB, California
February 15 Atlas 2AS launch of the JCSAT-6 communications
satellite from Cape Canaveral, Florida, at 7:45 pm
EST (0045 UT Feb. 16)
February 19 Soyuz launch of Soyuz TM-29 spacecraft with Mir relief
crew at 11:18 pm EST (0418 UT Feb. 20) from Baikonur,
Kazakhstan
February 26 Ariane 4 launch of the Arabsat-3A and Skynet-4E
comsats at 5:44 pm EST (2244 UT) from Kourou, French
Guiana.
March 7-13 Spaceweek -- simultaneous pro-space events around the
globe
March 21-26 ProSpace March Storm, Washington, DC
Other News
Delta, Atlas Launches Delayed Again: Launches of a Delta 2 and an
Atlas 2AS were delayed last week by weather and technical problems.
High winds delayed a Delta 2 launch attempt from Vandenberg Air Force
Base, California, February 5, while a power spike delayed a launch
attempt the following day. No new launch date has been set for the
Delta 2 and its payload of the ARGOS, Sunsat, and Oersted satellites,
who have now suffered 10 launch scrubs. A bad pressure reading
delayed the February 14 launch attempt of an Atlas 2AS from Cape
Canaveral, carrying the JCSAT-6 comsat. They'll try again Monday
night, February 15.
Galileo Out of Safe Mode: The Galileo spacecraft returned to normal
operations last week after a safe mode triggered after a January 31
flyby of Jupiter's moon Europa. Galileo started returning data from
the flyby on Thursday, February 11, although observations planned for
after the flyby were not conducted because of the safe mode. Galileo
project officials said the safe mode was likely triggered by a turn
maneuver that the spacecraft's computers determined was taking too
long. The January 31 flyby was the last close approach to Europa for
Galileo; the spacecraft will make several close approaches to Callisto
this year to set up one or two close flybys of Io, the innermost large
moon, at the end of this year.
Pluto's Number Nine Again: Pluto became the ninth and most distant
planet in the solar system once again early Thursday, February 11.
The planet's elliptical orbit send Pluto closer to the Sun than
Neptune for 20 years out of its 248-year orbit. It will next pass
closer to the Sun than Neptune April 5, 2231.
Moscow Space Park Fire: A fire consumed much of a Moscow exhibition
devoted to space exploration February 9, AFP reported. The
centerpiece of the exhibition, a model of the Buran space shuttle, was
spared, but other exhibits devoted to the Soviet space program as well
as the gangway leading up to the Buran were destroyed. A Russian NTV
television speculated that gangs seeking to gain control of the
exhibition may have set the fire.
Chinese Shuttle: A Chinese engineer says the country's space program
is working on a reusable space shuttle that may be launched on an
unmanned mission by the end of next year. It's not clear from the
reports, published by AFP and the BBC, what size the shuttle is, but
given the current Chinese space expertise it's unlikely to be anything
as large as the American space shuttle, and more like the X-38 or
Japanese HOPE prototypes. China is developing its own manned space
program, code=named "Project 921", using non-reusable capsules similar
to the Russian Soyuz.
In Brief: Florida's "Space Coast", the region of central Florida that
includes Cape Canaveral and the Kennedy Space Center, will soon get a
highly-appropriate area code: 321. The region beat out Chicago for
the coveted area code, perhaps because they had a hidden advantage:
the North American Numbering Plan Administration, which handles new
area code assignments, is run under a contract to a division of
Lockheed Martin. We can only guess how many people will try to get
the number 321-LIFTOFF... Be sure to see "October Sky", the movie
premiering this Friday. Based on the memoir "Rocket Boys" by Homer
Hickam, it's the true story of a boy growing up in a West Virginia
coal town around the time of Sputnik who dreams of building rockets.
(Read our review of the book at
http://www.spaceviews.com/1998/12/review3.html) It's a touching movie
even for those with the least bit of interest in space...
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 17 февраля 1999 (1999-02-17)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: JPL Educator Resource Center Relocates To Pomona
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MEDIA RELATIONS OFFICE
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIF. 91109 TELEPHONE (818) 354-5011
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov
Contact: John G. Watson
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE February 9, 1999
JPL EDUCATOR RESOURCE CENTER RELOCATES TO POMONA
The Educator Resource Center of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory has
relocated from JPL to 1460 E. Holt Avenue, Suite 8, Pomona. Opened at the
new site in early January, the center is designed to provide assistance and
resources to educators from the elementary through college level, with an
emphasis on America's space program.
Center goals include planning and implementing workshops for
educators to acquaint them with NASA/JPL educational material and resources;
becoming involved in collaborations, cooperative agreements and associations
with school districts, state education agencies, colleges and universities;
and distributing NASA/JPL educational materials and resources to the
educational community.
The storefront Educator Resource Center facility, part of an
agreement between JPL's Education Affairs Office and the Pomona Unified
School District, is open to educators from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday through
Friday (other hours by appointment).
For further information, call the Center at (909) 397-4420.
#####
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 17 февраля 1999 (1999-02-17)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Ракета Atlas вывела на орбиту (картинка)
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
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end
sum -r/size 34072/7267 section (from "begin" to "end")
sum -r/size 59011/5253 entire input file
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
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