Дата: 25 января 1999 (1999-01-25)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: SpaceViews - 22 January 1999 [1/5]
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S P A C E V I E W S
Issue 1999.01.22
1999 January 22
http://www.spaceviews.com/1999/0122/
*** News ***
Electronics Problem Delays X-Ray Observatory Launch
More X-33 Delays Likely
Cassini Mission Back on Track
Winds Keep Delta Grounded
Damaged Wiring Cause of Titan 4 Accident
Lunar Prospector Extended Mission Delayed
Planetary Society Announces Support for Optical SETI
Gamma-Ray Bursts May Explain SETI Silence
SpaceViews Event Horizon
Other News
*** Articles ***
So You Want to "Get Into" SETI (part 1)
Editor's Note: The next issue will be published on Monday, February 1.
*** News ***
Electronics Problem Delays X-Ray Observatory Launch
Problems with circuit boards similar to those installed on the
Chandra X-Ray Observatory ("Chandra") spacecraft will delay its launch
by at least a month, NASA announced Wednesday, January 20.
NASA reported that engineers at TRW, the company that
assembled the spacecraft, found problems in several circuit boards in
another spacecraft that are from the same batch as those used in
Chandra. TRW plans to delay shipping the spacecraft to the Kennedy
Space Center by one week to replace the suspect circuit boards.
NASA instructed TRW to replace the boards in the spacecraft's
main command and telemetry unit, which controls communications between
the spacecraft's main computer and its subsystems. NASA also
instructed TRW to check the boards in four other units on the
spacecraft to see if those boards need to be replaced as well.
Should only the circuit boards in Chandra's main unit need to
be replaced, NASA estimated that the launch of the observatory, on
shuttle mission STS-93, would be pushed back five weeks from April 8
to mid-May. However, if additional circuit boards need to be replaced
Chandra's shipping date would be delayed further, pushing the launch
back beyond mid-May.
A mid-May launch would conflict with the launch of shuttle
Discovery on mission STS-96, currently scheduled for May 13. The
launch date of that mission, a supply mission to the International
Space Station, will depend on how long repairs to Chandra take.
The delay is the third major one in just over a year for
Chandra, known until last month as the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics
Facility (AXAF). First scheduled for an August 1998 launch, assembly
problems delayed the launch date to December 1998 a year ago. In
October, the launch date was pushed back to early April after other
electronics problems were discovered on the spacecraft. The
"completed" Chandra observatory was rolled out to the media just last
week by TRW.
When launched, Chandra will enter an elliptical orbit that
will keep the spacecraft out of the Earth's magnetic and charged
particle fields for most of each orbit, to permit sensitive
observations of X-ray sources. That elliptical orbit also prevents
any in-orbit servicing of the spacecraft, unlike the Hubble Space
Telescope.
Chandra will be launched aboard shuttle Columbia as the main
objective of a short, five-day mission. The mission will be commanded
by Eileen Collins, the first woman to command a space shuttle mission.
More X-33 Delays Likely
Problems with the assembly of a hydrogen fuel tank are
expected to delay the first flight of the X-33 to as late as the
middle of the year 2000, the Los Angeles Times reported Tuesday,
January 19.
The Times reported that the inner wall of one of two composite
tanks used for storing liquid hydrogen came loose while the tank was
being bonded at high temperature last month. Lockheed Martin
officials believe the tank was improperly built by subcontractor
Alliant Techsystems.
It may take up to seven months to repair or replace the tank,
which would push the first X-33 test flight back to the summer of
2000. It would be second delay in three months for the X-33: in early
November Lockheed Martin officials said problems with the X-33's
aerospike engine, developed by subcontractor Rocketdyne, would push
back the first flight to the end of 1999.
When the X-33 contract was first announced in July 1996, plans
called for a first flight in early 1999. Minor delays pushed the
first flight back to the summer of 1999, and the aerospike engine
problem last year pushed the flight back to December.
Lockheed Martin officials did not estimate how much the delay
would cost. any cost overruns in the X-34 project would be shouldered
by Lockheed Martin or its subcontractors, and not NASA, which has
capped its funding of the project. "It's going to have to be absorbed
by somebody, and not the government," NASA spokesman Jim Cast told the
Times.
The X-33 is designed to test a number of key technologies for
future single-stage reusable launch vehicles. Those technologies
include the aerospike engine and composite fuel tanks, as well as
thermal protection systems and an aluminum liquid oxygen propellant
tank.
The unmanned X-33 will conduct a series of test flights from
Edwards Air Force Base to landing sites in Utah and Montana, traveling
at up to Mach 12. It is not designed to fly into orbit.
Lockheed Martin sees the X-33 as a subscale model of
VentureStar, a full-fledged single-stage reusable launcher, capable of
lifting over 22,500 kg (50,000 lbs.) into low Earth orbit. The
VentureStar would not be ready for flight before 2004 at the earliest.
Cassini Mission Back on Track
Cassini mission controllers returned the spacecraft to normal
operations Saturday, January 16, nearly a week after a star tracker
glitch put the Saturn-bound spacecraft into a safe mode.
Controllers at JPL uplinked commands to restore normal
operations to the spacecraft at approximately 11 am EST (1600 UT)
Saturday. They then were scheduled to check out Cassini's main
instruments, including its camera, a visible and infrared mapping
spectrometer, and an ultraviolet imaging spectrograph.
Cassini entered a safe mode Monday afternoon, January 11,
during a very slow roll maneuver. The geometry of the spacecraft
during the roll maneuver meant that one of the stars observed by the
spacecraft's star tracker -- an instrument used to help determine the
spacecraft's orientation -- appeared on the edge of the field.
This star position generated large errors in its position,
which was interpreted by Cassini's attitude control system as a
larger-than-expected change in the spacecraft's attitude. The
software then triggered a safe mode as a way of reestablishing its
attitude.
Mission officials said that the spacecraft was in good
condition, and at no time was the spacecraft out of radio contact with
the Earth. Contact with Cassini was maintained with its low-gain
antenna while the large high-gain antenna was positioned to shaded the
rest of the spacecraft from the Sun.
The $3-billion Cassini mission to Saturn was launched on
October 15, 1997. The spacecraft has completed one flyby of Venus in
April of 1998 and a deep-space maneuver to adjust its course in
December in the first stages of its circuitous route to Saturn.
Cassini will conduct another flyby of Venus in June and one of
Earth in August, followed by a Jupiter flyby in late 2000. The flybys
will provide Cassini with enough speed to reach Saturn by July 2004,
where it will spend at least four years studying the planet, its rings
and moons.
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Дата: 25 января 1999 (1999-01-25)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: SpaceViews - 22 January 1999 [2/5]
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Winds Keep Delta Grounded
High winds that have prevented a Boeing Delta 2 from lifting
off for a week will keep the spacecraft on the ground until at least
Tuesday, January 26.
A launch attempt early Friday, January 22, was scrubbed by
high upper-level winds. Five launch attempts, starting January 15,
have been canceled by those winds.
The Delta 2, carrying three satellite, was to launch early
Thursday, January 14, from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California.
Technical problems, though, pushed back the launch date one day. High
winds then scrubbed launch attempts on January 15, 16, 20, 21, and now
22.
Boeing said the next launch attempt will not take place before
5:35 am EST (1035 UT) Tuesday, January 26. Engineers will spend the
weekend servicing the rocket and its payload while waiting for weather
conditions to improve.
The primary payload of the Delta 2 is the Air Force's Advanced
Research and Global Observation Satellite (ARGOS) Its nine payloads
will perform upper atmospheric observations and technology
demonstrations. Experiments will range from tests of sensors planned
for use on the International Space Station to studies of orbital
debris.
Two smaller satellites will also be launched on the Delta.
The Oersted satellite, from Denmark, will study the Earth's magnetic
fields and electrical properties. Sunsat, a microsatellite built by
the University of Stellenbosch in South Africa, will perform remote
sensing and amateur radio experiments.
Damaged Wiring Cause of Titan 4 Accident
Damaged wiring in a power system instigated a series of events
that led to the destruction of a Titan 4 booster shortly after launch
last August in one of the costliest accidents in American space
history.
An Air Force review panel released its report Friday, January
15, on the August 12, 1998 destruction of a Titan 4A booster. The
rocket, carrying a classified payload for the National Reconnaissance
Office, self-destructed 41 seconds after launch from Cape Canaveral,
Florida.
The review panel found evidence that insulation in a wire
harness in the booster's Vehicle Power Supply (VPS) unit had been
damaged before launch. The damaged wiring meant that the wires
intermittently shorted as vibration from the launch increased.
The shorts caused a momentary power failure in the Titan 4's
guidance computer. When power returned to the computer, it
misinterpreted attitude information supplied by the rocket's inertial
measurement unit. The computer then mistakenly directed the rocket to
pitch down and turn to the right.
The aerodynamic stresses from the maneuver exceeded the
structural strength of the rocket, and the Titan began to break up.
An automated self-destruct mechanism on the rocket completed the
destruction of the booster while it was more than a kilometer
offshore.
While the panel believes it has isolated the cause of the
failure, it is unsure how the wiring was damaged prior to launch.
"Uncertainty of the exact location of the damaged wire,
whether there was only one shorting site or multiple sites, and
exactly what activity caused the damage, leave the Accident
Investigation Board with doubt as to the root cause of the accident,"
the panel noted in its report.
Possible causes of wire damage include abrasion from sharp
metal pieces within the rocket itself or workmanship damage during
assembly or transportation of the rocket. The panel noted that in the
last 10 years hundreds of wiring faults have been discovered in Titan
boosters, including over 100 in the primary power supply alone.
The panel suggested that additional inspections of the wiring
in the VPS and related systems be conducted to detect any future
wiring damage. "It is acknowledged the damaged wires represent a
small percentage of the miles of installed wiring and the wiring
activity on the Titan vehicles, but the mishap... highlights the
significance of mistakes in this area, particularly in the vehicle's
powered lines," the report stated.
The cost of the accident, including launch vehicle, payload,
and ground support, was estimated by the Air Force to be over $1
billion. This is thought to be the second-costliest space accident in
U.S. history, after the 1986 Challenger accident.
No timetable for resumed Titan flights was given by the Air
Force. The accident took place on the last launch of the Titan 4A.
Future launches will use the upgraded Titan 4B, which entered service
in 1997.
Lunar Prospector Extended Mission Delayed
An orbit change that was to mark the beginning of Lunar
Prospector's extended mission has been delayed two weeks to permit the
orbit to enter a more desirable configuration.
A thruster firing scheduled for January 15 was to put the
spacecraft into an orbit an average of 30 km (18 mi.) above the lunar
surface. That maneuver, taking place just over a year after Lunar
Prospector entered orbit around the Moon, would mark the beginning of
the spacecraft's extended mission.
However, project officials decided to keep the spacecraft in
its current orbit 40 km (24 mi.) above the Moon when the mission's
gravity scientist found that the maneuver would have put Prospector
into an orbit whose periapsis -- its closest point to the surface --
was on the far side of the Moon.
Data on the Moon's gravitational field, a key component of the
extended mission, can only be collected when Prospector is above the
Moon's near side. In such an orbit the gravity data would have been
of lower quality than an orbit with a periapsis above the near side.
Over the next two weeks Prospector's orbit will shift so that
the spacecraft comes within 15 km (9 mi.) of the lunar nearside, at
which point a thruster burn will shift the spacecraft into the desired
lower orbit.
The extended mission is designed to collect data on the
composition of the lunar surface and its gravity and magnetic fields
at higher resolutions than possible in its original 100-km (62-mi.)
orbit. Of particular interest will be detailed mapping of the lunar
polar regions, to better define any deposits of water ice hidden in
permanently-shadowed regions of craters.
The lower orbit also means the spacecraft will me more
susceptible to perturbations caused by the Moon's "lumpy"
gravitational field, and thus will require frequent thruster burns to
adjust its orbit. The extended mission is scheduled to last about six
months, until Prospector's propellant runs out.
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Дата: 25 января 1999 (1999-01-25)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: SpaceViews - 22 January 1999 [3/5]
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Planetary Society Announces Support for Optical SETI
The Planetary Society announced this week that it will support
three projects that plan to look for evidence of extraterrestrial
intelligence at visible light, not radio, wavelengths.
The projects, two at the University of California, Berkeley
and the third at Harvard University and Smithsonian Observatory, are
at the forefront of efforts in the search for extraterrestrial
intelligence (SETI) to look for signals at visible wavelengths,
instead of the more commonly searched radio wavelengths.
"We have been listening for alien signals for decades; it's
time we started to watch for signals as well," said Louis Friedman,
executive director of the Planetary Society.
One of the optical SETI projects at Berkeley will look for
pulses of light as short as one-billionth of a second coming from
nearby Sun-like stars, as well as more distant star clusters, using a
76-cm (30-inch) automated telescope. The other Berkeley project will
look for steady, narrowband signals in data collected in extrasolar
planet searched by astronomer Geoff Marcy.
The Harvard-Smithsonian experiment will also look for brief
pulses of light using data collected by a 155-cm (61-inch) telescope
located in Harvard, Massachusetts, west of Boston. Harvard's Paul
Horowitz noted that, using only technology available today, a laser
beam from a distant star would appear to the telescope as a thousand
times brighter than the star.
Optical SETI was first proposed in a 1961 paper in the journal
Nature by Charles Townes, who later went on to win the Nobel Prize in
physics, and R. N. Schwartz. However, the field has been largely
ignored until recent years, with the only major work has been done by
Stuart Kingsley, who operates a small observatory near Columbus, Ohio,
dedicated to optical SETI.
The SETI Institute, whose focus has been on radio SETI
projects, recommended the optical SETI projects supported by the
Planetary Society in a recent study, and is also helping to support
the projects.
Gamma-Ray Bursts May Explain SETI Silence
Powerful blasts of radiation from an enigmatic astronomical
phenomenon may explain why we have not yet seen evidence of
extraterrestrial intelligence, one scientist has concluded.
In an article to be published in the January 23 issue of the
magazine New Scientist, Fermilab astrophysicist James Annis explains
that gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may have inhibited the development of
intelligent life in the early universe.
"If one [GRB] went off in the Galactic center," Annis said,
"we here two-thirds of the way out on the Galactic disk would be
exposed over a few seconds to a wave of powerful gamma rays." Such
radiation would be lethal to life on land, he believes.
GRBs occur in galaxies only once every few hundred million
years today, but some theories suggest GRBs were more common in the
early universe. Since a single GRB is powerful enough to sterilize
nearly an entire galaxy, it may be only now that conditions have
permitted the development of intelligent life here and elsewhere in
the universe.
"The GRB model essentially resets the available time for the
rise of intelligent life to zero each time a burst occurs," Annis
said.
Such an explanation may be a solution to a half-century-old
question on why we have not seen evidence of extraterrestrial life.
The problem, proposed by Nobel laureate physicist Enrico Fermi and
dubbed the "Fermi Paradox", notes that a civilization traveling at
only one-thousandth the speed of light could traverse the galaxy in
100 million years, far less than the age of the galaxy or the
universe. "Where are they?" Fermi was said to have asked
rhetorically.
GRBs, which may be caused by the collision of neutron stars or
black holes, can release as much energy in a few seconds as a
supernova. That short timescale could work against the theory,
British physicist Paul Davies points out. "If the drama is all over
in a few seconds, you only zap half the planet," he said. "The
planet's mass shields the other side."
Secondary effects from the blast, such as the destruction of
the ozone layer, may be enough to wipe out life on the rest of the
planet, Annis noted.
SpaceViews Event Horizon
January 26 Delta 2 launch of the Argos, Sunsat, and Oersted
satellites from Vandenberg AFB, California, at
5:39 am EST (1039 UT)
January 26 Athena 1 launch of the ROCSAT-1 satellite from Cape
Canaveral, Florida, at 7:34 pm EST (0034 UT Jan. 27)
January 30 Proton launch of the Telstar-6 communications
satellite from Baikonur, Kazakhstan.
January 31 Atlas 2AS launch of the JCSAT-6 communications
satellite from Cape Canavewral, Florida, at
7:44 pm EST (0044 UT Feb. 1)
February 3 Ariane 4 launch of the Arabsat-3A and Skynet-4E
comsats at 5:44 pm EST (2244 UT) from Kourou, French
Guiana.
February 6 Delta 2 launch of NASA's Stardust cometary dust sample
return mission at 4:07 pm EST (2107 UT) from Cape
Canaveral, Florida
February 9-10 FAA Commercial Space Transportation Forecast
Conference, Washington, DC
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Дата: 25 января 1999 (1999-01-25)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: SpaceViews - 22 January 1999 [4/5]
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Other News
Service Module Delay: The Houston Chronicle reported Thursday,
January 21 that NASA officials expect the launch of the Russian-built
Service Module to be delayed by at least two months. The module, a
key component that has already triggered a year's worth of delays, was
scheduled for launch in July from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. However, NASA
spokesman James Hartsfield told the Chronicle that ground tests of the
module are taking longer than planned.
Much Ado About Pluto: The news media has been filled this past week
with news about Pluto's imminent demotion from planet status. One
problem: there's no plan to revoke Pluto's planet status, but rather
confer upon Pluto "dual citizenship" as planet and Kuiper Belt, or
trans-Neptunian, object. "It's not being demoted, let's make that
perfectly clear," Brian Marsden of the International Astronomical
Union's Minor Planet Center told Reuters. IAU members may decide in
the next few weeks whether Pluto should get dual status, in time for
it to get minor planet number 10,000. (You can register your opinion
on Pluto's status by voting in a poll on the SpaceViews Web site,
http://www.spaceviews.com.)
Martian Floods: Catastrophic floods that sculpted the Martian surface
billions of years ago may have been triggered by underground volcanic
activity, and not surface forces, two Cambridge University
geophysicists reported this week. In an article in the current issue
of the journal Nature, Dan McKenzie and Francis Nemmo said that dikes
-- rising wedges of molten rock -- melted ice frozen in the ground and
triggered the massive floods. The rising dikes may also be
responsible for canyons seen on Mars, including the giant Valles
Marineris canyon system.
Tether Failure: A tether experiment on a U.S. military satellite
failed over the weekend. The Advanced Tether Experiment (ATEx) was to
deploy over 6 km (3.6 mi.) of tether from the Space Technology
Experiment (STEX) satellite launched last October. However, the
tether was jettisoned from the satellite after just 22 meters (72.6
feet) of tether was deployed, when the tether began to stray from its
intended departure angle. The cause of the failure is under
investigation.
Kistler Blames Bond Market: A weak bond market has prevented Kistler
Aerospace from raising the money it needs to complete its K-1 reusable
launcher and a Woomera, Australia launch site, the company said in an
article in the January 18 issue of Space News. The company said that
it planned to raise several hundred million through the sale of
high-yield debt bonds, but a weak bond market, particularly for
companies like Kistler not well-known on Wall Street and without a
strong cash flow, stopped those plans. The company is looking at
"many avenues" to raise the money it needs, Kistler chief financial
officer Chuck McBride said.
In Brief: A NASA Black Brant sounding rocket blasted off January 20
from the Andoya rocket range in Norway to study the polar aurora. A
similar launch in 1995 triggered a military alert in Russia, so
American and Norwegian officials made extra efforts to keep Russia
informed of this launch... A consortium of Ukrainian companies plans
to promote its country's space technologies to Western markets,
Reuters reported January 21. Yuzhnoye, builders of the Zenit 2
rocket, will likely play a lead role in the "Yuzhkosmos" consortium...
A Scottish company once known for making lace will get into the space
tether business, the BBC reported January 15. Fleming Textiles will
develop tethers for Tethers Unlimited, a U.S. company that won a
$600,000 NASA contract to work on a system to drag inactive satellites
out of orbit... Congratulations to the "Science@NASA" Web site
(http://science.nasa.gov), one of the finalists for the 1999 Webby
Prize for best science Web site... Know an elementary school student
"itching" to ask a great question about space? Lanacane's "Itching to
Know" annual science contest will focus on space in 1999. Students in
grades K-6 can submit a question, and the ten best questions will be
answered by NASA astronauts. One student will win a trip to Space
Camp. Details about the contest, run in conjunction with the National
Space Society, are on the Web at http://www.lanacane.com/contest.html.
*** Articles ***
So You Want to "Get Into" SETI
by Larry Klaes
part 1
The Dream
So you have spent your whole life hearing about, reading
about, and seeing humanity's numerous interpretations of alien life
beyond Earth. You look up at a clear night sky full of stars and
wonder if someone else is also sitting on some alien world around one
of those suns, pondering the same thoughts as you.
Eventually, your intellectual curiosity builds to the point
where you must do more than just read and think about alien beings:
You want to see for yourself if they really are out there, somewhere
in our vast Universe.
The Realities
First you discover that, despite everything you see and read
about traveling to other star systems in science fiction, in reality
we are a long way off from reaching even the nearest of suns with any
kind of actual vessel. Besides, with over 400 billion stars in our
Milky Way galaxy alone, searching their countless worlds with star
probes would take many generations of human lives to accomplish.
One reason for this dramatically slow process -- in addition
to the huge number of previously mentioned star systems -- is due,
ironically enough, to the fastest achievable velocity in existence:
The speed of light and radio waves. The universal speed limit is
about 186,000 miles (300,000 kilometers) per second. To go any faster
than this would require more energy than exists in the entire
Universe, and that just is not feasible.
Granted, light speed is incredibly fast, but even if you had a
starship which could achieve 99 percent of that velocity, it would
still take you 100,000 years (measured in Earth time but not allowing
for the accelerating and decelerating phases of the trip) just to go
from one end of the galaxy to the other. As for the various
faster-than-light (FTL) proposals, such as cosmic wormholes and warp
drives, they are still very much in the realm of theory.
Conversely, this also means that -- despite the endless
reports of alien spaceships landing on Earth with crews of strange
beings who slice up our cattle and abduct numerous members of our
population for bizarre medical experiments -- the sheer volume of
Milky Way star systems and the incredible amounts of space between
them make the chances that so many alien races would construct large
fleets of starships, find Earth, journey many light years to our
planet, and then spend so much time here engaged in the aforementioned
activities quite slim and even absurd.
Most often these reports of alien visitors turn out to be
hoaxes or misinterpretations of natural and human-made phenomenon. If
anything, UFOs and abduction stories tell us far more about human
psychology and culture than about anything or anyone from other
worlds.
Then you learn that some genuine scientific methods for
finding extraterrestrial life actually exist. Some astronomers and
engineers are using giant radio telescopes (and in a few cases so far,
optical ones) to listen and look for signals from alien civilizations
which may be trying to let the galaxy know that they exist and want to
make contact with their celestial neighbors. Other scientists hope to
find less advanced -- but no less interesting -- life forms on various
planets and moons in our own solar system.
You are overjoyed that not everything about the Search for
Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) is either just science fiction or
destined for some future era. You might actually be able to
personally satisfy your desire to know if We Are Not Alone. Maybe you
can even be sitting at the controls of the telescope when that first
message from the stars reaches our blue planet, forever changing the
course of human history and our place in the Cosmos!
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Дата: 25 января 1999 (1999-01-25)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: SpaceViews - 22 January 1999 [5/5]
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More Realities: Can You "Do" SETI?
In an ideal world, the search for life beyond Earth would be
one of the highest priorities for humanity. To know if other beings
-- especially intelligent ones -- exist with us in the Cosmos, to
contact them and hopefully learn something of their perspectives on
reality, and perhaps even more. Large amounts of resources, time, and
humanpower would be devoted to this ultimate quest for knowledge.
To anyone who knows how vast the Universe is in terms of its
size and quantities of celestial bodies, it should be the goal of
every intelligence such as ours to seek out others in space to learn
from them and find our true place in existence. To quote from Carl
Sagan: "In a very real sense this search for extraterrestrial
intelligence is a search for a cosmic context for mankind, a search
for who we are, where we have come from, and what possibilities there
are for our future - in a universe vaster both in extent and duration
than our forefathers ever dreamed of." (Communication with
Extraterrestrial Intelligence (CETI), Carl Sagan, Editor, 1973, MIT
Press, "Introduction", pp. ix-x.)
But noble intentions and plans do not always occur as hoped
for in reality. The concept of extraterrestrial life and the quest
for it has been on a long and obstacle-laden road ever since the idea
first appeared among a few brilliant thinkers in ancient Greece over
two thousand years ago. For millennia after, however, even thinking
that intelligent beings could exist beyond Earth was considered
blasphemy! After all, we appeared to be at the Center of the
Universe, where everything literally revolved around us. Existence
was made just for humanity by the gods: To think that it could be
shared by anyone else was considered an absurd idea.
Once we began to enlighten ourselves with science, philosophy,
and technology, such attitudes began to shed away in favor of freely
thinking about such possibilities. We were no longer the Center of
Everything, but rather Earth was just one of several planets orbiting
what turns out to be an average yellow star among hundreds of billions
of other suns in what turns out to be an average spiral galaxy in a
Universe with hundreds of billions of such star islands scattered
throughout the vastness.
Of course with this freedom of thought and expression, some
people went too far with the idea of extraterrestrial life and
intelligence. Percival Lowell stands out as a prime example here. In
the 1890s, Lowell considered the straight lines perceived on the
planet Mars to be a huge system of canals constructed by an advanced
race of Martians to bring water from the planet's polar caps to their
great cities along the equator. The only evidence he had for this was
his imaginative speculation.
Lowell supported and promoted this idea with great gusto and
publicity. Many astronomers, however, felt Lowell was assuming a
great deal from such scant and uncertain evidence. When it finally
became generally accepted that the "canals" were really just optical
illusions created by the human eye and mind trying to make patterns
out of the indistinct natural surface features on Mars, professional
attitudes towards alien life turned negative.
Add to this the growing popularity of science fiction with its
bug-eyed monster portrayals of ravenous, conquering aliens, and then
the business of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) as alien spaceships
doing all sorts of strange things to the populace, and astrobiology
was given a major setback from which it is still recovering today.
It has taken a long time, but we are finally at a stage where
searching for extraterrestrial intelligence is no longer completely
considered a crazy or foolish idea. The human race is finally
beginning to grow up and expand its mental and physical horizons. SETI
is becoming accepted, especially once the scientist pioneers showed
that it could be done, even though no definite signal of alien origin
has yet been proven.
Larry Klaes (lklaes@bbn.com) is the Northeastern U.S. Regional
Coordinator for the SETI League and coordinator for the Columbus
Optical SETI (COSETI) Observatory. Part 2 of this article will appear
in an upcoming issue.
This has been the January 22, 1999, issue of SpaceViews.
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Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 25 января 1999 (1999-01-25)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Тернистый путь Galileo к Юпитеру
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Тернистый путь Galileo к Юпитеру
Путь к Юпитеру исследовательского космического зонда Galileo никогда не
был гладки. Сначала реализация самого проекта Galileo откладывалась из-за
проблем с финансированием. Затем в 1986 г., когда Galileo был уже построен и
готов к запуску на "шаттле" Atlantis, из-за аварии с Challenger в январе 1986
г. все старты были отложены. В итоге Galileo отправился в космос только в
октябре 1989 г. (на снимке слева). За 6 лет путешествия до Юпитера Galileo
пролетел 770 млн км (его средн скорость превысила 14,5 тыс. км/ч). Это была
большая нагрузка для всех систем космического корабля. В 1991 г. у Galileo
возникли серьезные проблемы, когда не полностью раскрылась его основна
антенна, имеющая форму зонтика. Исправить эту поломку не удалось и пришлось
для передачи данных на Землю использовать меньшую по размерам запасную
антенну, что существенно замедлило поток передаваемой информации. За год до
подлета к Юпитеру Galileo постигла друга неприятность - отказало основное
устройство записи данных, чем была поставлена под угрозу сохранность магнитной
ленты с уже записанной информацией. Спасти для дальнейшего использования
удалось только 20% ленты.
В ноябре этого года Galileo дважды выходил из рабочего режима. Из-за
этого были сорваны очередные наблюдения двух лун Юпитера - Европы и Ио. Hо
отключение бортовых измерительных приборов было непродолжительным, Galileo
вновь работает нормально. В последние недели Galileo занималс исследованием
магнитосферы Юпитера.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 25 января 1999 (1999-01-25)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Тернистый путь Galileo к Юпитеру (картинка)
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
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end
sum -r/size 24375/12373 section (from "begin" to "end")
sum -r/size 15555/8957 entire input file
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 25 января 1999 (1999-01-25)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Planetary Society объявляет о поддержке проектов по поиску внеземных
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Planetary Society объявляет о поддержке проектов по поиску внеземных
цивилизаций
[SpaceViews] Астрономическое общество Planetary Society объявило о
своей поддержке трех проектов поисков доказательств существовани внеземных
цивилизаций, а именно, сигналов в видимом диапазоне длин волн. По первым двум
проектам работают Университет штата Калифорния и Университет Беркли, а третий
- совместная разработка Гарвардского университета и Смитсониевской
обсерватории.
До сих пор доказательства существования внеземных цивилизаций
искали в радиодиапазоне, пытаясь "услышать" братьев по разуму. Теперь их
сигналы попробуют "увидеть". Астрономы Университета Беркли будут стараться
уловить импульсы света длительностью не более 1 пикосекунды, исходящие от
ближайших солнце-подобных звезд, а также от более далекий звездных кластеров.
Предполагается, что сколь короткие световые сигналы могут быть только
искусственного происхождения, на Земле, по всяком случае, их можно получить
только с помощью лазера. Для детектирования таких импульсов планируется
использовать телескоп диаметром 76 см.
В соответствии с другим проектом в Беркли будут также искать устойчивые
узкополосные сигналы в информации, полученной астрономом Джеоффом Марси (Geoff
Marcy) при поиске планет в других звездных системах. В совместном проекте
Гарвардского университета и Смитсониевской обсерватории будет также вестись
поиск ультракоротких импульсов излучения, но с помощью Гарвардского телескопа
диаметром 155 см (на снимке).
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 25 января 1999 (1999-01-25)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Planetary Society объявляет о поддержке (картинка)
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
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end
sum -r/size 43364/12421 section (from "begin" to "end")
sum -r/size 1677/8994 entire input file
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 25 января 1999 (1999-01-25)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Запуск норвежской исследовательской ракеты CAPER
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Запуск норвежской исследовательской ракеты CAPER
В четверг 21 января с космодрома Андоя в Hорвегии произведен запуск
норвежской исследовательской ракеты Black Brant XXII, известной под названием
CAPER. Ракета предназначается для исследования магнитных полей и ионных
фонтанов в верхних слоях атмосферы, которые проявляют себя в виде северного
сияния. Ее запуск из-за плохой погоды откладывался в течение нескольких дней.
Траектория ракеты показана на рисунке. Она стартовала на острове Андоя, а
приземлиться должна была в районе северного полюса. В течение своего полета,
который длилс 25 минут ракета поднялась на высоту 1360 км. Hа CAPER были
установлены спектрометры для исследовани тепловых электронов и ионов. Проект
финансировалс NASA. Запуск был осуществлен совместно с Hорвежским космическим
агентством, испытательным ракетным полигоном Андоя, университетами Свалбарда и
Осло.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 25 января 1999 (1999-01-25)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Запуск норвежской исследовательской ракеты CAPER (картинка) [1/2]
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
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sum -r/size 61612/12423 section (from "begin" to last encoded line)
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 25 января 1999 (1999-01-25)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Запуск норвежской исследовательской ракеты CAPER (картинка) [2/2]
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
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`
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sum -r/size 19441/4790 section (from first encoded line to "end")
sum -r/size 46547/12470 entire input file
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
сайт служит астрономическому сообществу с 2005 года
