Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Galileo Update - November 23, 1998
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MEDIA RELATIONS OFFICE
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIF. 91109 TELEPHONE (818) 354-5011
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov
Galileo Europa Mission Status
November 23, 1998
Galileo project engineers expect the spacecraft to return to
normal operations today at about 5 p.m. Pacific Standard Time,
following a weekend in which the spacecraft entered safing mode
twice. The first of these events prevented Galileo from
gathering data on Europa as it flew by the icy moon early Sunday,
November 22.
Galileo engineers believe the safing events, which act as a
built-in protection system, were triggered by resets of the
portion of the craft's control and data subsystems that control
the non-spinning part of the spacecraft. These subsystems handle
Galileo's communications and transmission of data to Earth.
Galileo's health and safety are not in jeopardy. The
anomalies occurred Saturday, November. 21, at 9:34 pm PST, and
Sunday, November 22, at 5:30 p.m. The first safing happened
about six hours before Galileo was scheduled to fly by Europa,
and two hours before its closest approach to Jupiter's intense
radiation.
Before entering safing mode, Galileo performed ultraviolet
spectrometer observations, and its near infrared mapping
spectrometer performed an observation of Jupiter's white oval
storm system. It also obtained some radio science measurements of
Europa even while in safing mode. However, the craft was unable
to gather data on Europa or Io.
These anomalies are somewhat similar to a reset that
occurred during a previous Europa flyby last June. However, in
the latest anomalies, the semi-redundant halves of the control
and data subsystems reset simultaneously, while in June they
reset one after the other.
The Galileo team has been sending commands to the spacecraft
to restore its operations. In fact, the Sunday night safing
occurred just before the craft recovered from the Saturday
safing. Once Galileo is functioning normally again, the project
team will develop a plan to have the spacecraft transmit to Earth
the data it gathered.
This weekend's Europa flyby was the 10th performed by the
Galileo spacecraft; another Europa encounter is planned for
January 31, 1999. The spacecraft has spent the past three years
orbiting Jupiter and its moons, including Europa, and has
provided scientists with a wealth of information and pictures.
Its primary mission ended in December 1997, and the spacecraft is
currently in the midst of a two-year extension, known as Galileo
Europa Mission.
#####
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=SANA=
Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Mars Global Surveyor Aerobraking Update - November 22, 1998
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Mars Global Surveyor Aerobraking Status Report
Sunday, November 22 (DOY 323/19:00:00 to DOY 326/19:00:00 UTC)
Last Orbit Covered by this Report = 752
Total Phase I Aerobraking orbits accomplished = 180
Total Phase II Aerobraking orbits accomplished = 179
Total Science Phasing orbits accomplished = 290
Apoapsis altitude = 8128 km
Apoapsis altitude decrease since start of aerobraking = 45898 km
Periapsis altitude = 114.7 km
Current Orbit Period = 05:29:17
Orbit Period decrease since start of aerobraking = 39:30:16
Starting Phase II orbit period = 11:38:02
RECENT EVENTS:
The Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft continues successful phase 2 aerobraking
operations with no concerns. The past 13 drag passes have provided about
13.5 minutes of orbit period reduction. About 1 minute reduction per drag
pass is desired to maintain the baseline plan. The current period maintains
about a 9 minute lead on the baseline. The 6-orbit running mean is 0.155
N/m2 which is below the 0.23 N/m2 corridor control trigger limit. There was
1 corridor control maneuver executed on the apoapsis portion of orbit 747 to
raise periapsis and lower the drag force.
Currently, sequence P749 is controlling the S/C activities. It will be
replaced early this evening with P753 which will control activities starting
with orbit 753 through orbit 756. Each sequence continues to be built with 5
primary orbits even though, in order to maintain prime shift builds, only
four may be allowed to execute at times. Orbit timing predictions continue
to be very good.
Subsystems continue to report excellent S/C health and performance. The -Y
solar array yoke has shown no change in structural performance. Attitude
knowledge has been maintained throughout the period with excellent star
processing. The power subsystem reports strong performance with 11.5 %
maximum battery discharge depths each orbit. There is now 9.3 minutes of
primary charger margin. The minimum MOLA laser temperature observed this
period was 12.1°C using a 35 minute warming maneuver each orbit. The largest
temperature increase due to aero-heating was 61°C on the -Y solar array,
cell side. The telecommunications subsystem continues solid performance.
UPCOMING EVENTS:
Periapsis for Orbit 753 DOY327/00:09:49 UTC Through
Periapsis for Orbit 760 DOY328/14:07:22 UTC
(Note: MST = UTC-7 hours DOY327=11/23)
SPACECRAFT COMMANDING:
There were 7 command files radiated to the S/C during this period. The total
files radiated since launch is now 2982. These commands were sent in support
of the following activities:
Nominal drag pass sequences (P740, P744, P749)
Nominal corridor control maneuver sequences (A747)
Command loss timer resets
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=SANA=
Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Deep Space 1 Ion Propulsion System Starts Up
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MEDIA RELATIONS OFFICE
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIF. 91109 TELEPHONE (818) 354-5011
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov
Contact: Franklin O'Donnell
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE November 25, 1998
DEEP SPACE 1 ION PROPULSION SYSTEM STARTS UP
The ion propulsion system on NASA's Deep Space 1 spacecraft
came to life Tuesday, November 24, and has continued running
smoothly since.
The engine started up at 2:53 p.m. Pacific Standard Time in
response to commands sent to the spacecraft. After running
overnight in low-thrust mode, engineers commanded the engine to
switch to higher-thrust modes today. The mission team plans to
leave the engine running over the four-day Thanksgiving weekend.
The team originally powered up the engine November 10, but
the system shut itself off after running for 4-1/2 minutes. When
controllers sent commands to the engine to turn itself on
Tuesday, they planned to collect more data on the status of the
system but believed it was unlikely the engine would keep
running.
"We are very pleased that the engine started and continued
to thrust," said Dr. Marc Rayman, Deep Space 1's chief mission
engineer and deputy mission manager at NASA's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, Pasadena, CA. "In fact, it has been running very
smoothly over the first day of its operation."
Engineers believe that the engine probably shut itself off
when it was started two weeks ago because of metallic grit or
other contamination between the two high-voltage grids at the
rear of the advanced engine. It is likely that changes in
temperature as the spacecraft conducted other technology
validation activities affected the flakes, and powering-up the
thruster may have vaporized the remains.
"It's common for new ion engines on the ground or on Earth-
orbiting spacecraft to shut themselves off a few times when they
are first exercised," said Rayman. "We would not be surprised if
the engine shut itself off again over the first few days or weeks
that it runs.
"Deep Space 1's charter is to test new, advanced
technologies," Rayman added. "If everything worked perfectly on
the first try, it would be an indication we had not been
sufficiently aggressive in selecting the technologies.
Diagnosing the behavior we have seen is a very valuable part of
Deep Space 1's objective of enabling future space science
missions."
The fuel used in Deep Space 1's ion engine is xenon, a
colorless, odorless and tasteless gas more than 4-1/2 times
heavier than air. When the ion engine is running, electrons are
emitted from a hollow bar called a cathode into a chamber ringed
by magnets, much like the cathode in a TV picture tube or
computer monitor. The electrons strike atoms of xenon, knocking
away one of the 54 electrons orbiting each atom's nucleus. This
leaves each atom one electron short, giving it a net positive
charge -- making the atom what is known as an ion.
At the rear of the chamber is a pair of metal grids which
are charged positive and negative, respectively, with up to 1,280
volts of electric potential. The force of this electric charge
exerts a strong "electrostatic" pull on the xenon ions -- much
like the way that bits of lint are pulled to a pocket comb that
has been given a static electricity charge by rubbing it on wool
on a dry day. The electrostatic force in the ion engine's
chamber, however, is much more powerful, causing the xenon ions
to shoot past at a speed of more than 100,000 kilometers per hour
(60,000 miles per hour), continuing right on out the back of the
engine and into space.
At full throttle, the ion engine would consume about 2,500
watts of electrical power and put out 90 millinewtons (1/50th of
a pound) of thrust. This is comparable to the force exerted by a
single sheet of paper resting on the palm of a hand.
When the engine was started Tuesday, it ran overnight
thrusting at a power level of 500 watts. This morning engineers
commanded it to thrust at a level of 885 watts, then at 1,300
watts. Engineers may decide to have the engine thrust at a lower
level while it runs over the next few days.
The ion propulsion system flight hardware was built for Deep
Space 1 by Hughes Electron Dynamics Division, Torrance, CA;
Spectrum Astro Inc., Gilbert, AZ; Moog Inc., East Aurora, NY; and
Physical Science Inc., Andover, MA. Development of the ion
propulsion system was supported by NASA's Office of Space Science
and Office of Aeronautics and Space Transportation Technology,
Washington, DC. JPL is managed for NASA by the California
Institute of Technology.
#####
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=SANA=
Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: STARDUST Update - November 20, 1998
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STARDUST Status Report
November 20, 1998
Ken Atkins
STARDUST Project Manager
Assembly, Test, and Launch Operations (ATLO) activities: The principal ATLO
activities this week have been opening the spacecraft and installing
thermal tape, heaters and thermostats and installing the reworked (for
glass body diodes) solar array switching unit (SASU). All support equipment
was also checked out. The first week activities at Kennedy Space Center
(KSC) have been very efficient and smooth with work accomplished well inside
the scheduled timeline. KSC support has been outstanding.
Daily time-lapse movies are now being created of the launch preparations at
KSC:
http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/webcam/
Members of the STARDUST team attended the grand opening of the Omniplex's
STARDUST Cafe exhibit and STARDUST Planetarium show in Oklahoma City.
Principal Investigator Dr. Don Brownlee of the University of Washington led
a panel with Joe Vellinga (our Lockheed Martin Program Manager), Dr. Peter
Tsou of JPL (Deputy Principal Investigator and "Mr. Aerogel"), Dr. Ben Clark
(Lockheed Martin Astronautics Chief Scientist) and myself. We gave
presentations on STARDUST and interacted with the public for two hours.
Aimee Whalen and Julie Malmquist, our Outreach team from JPL accompanied us
there, along with Dr. Steve Jones of JPL from the Aerogel Team.
Educational Management Group conducted it's final production of the
STARDUST series with the "Space Cowboy" last Tuesday. A total of 27
schools throughout the United States participated in live chats with the
STARDUST personnel featured in one of the four programs. They threw some
great questions at us. It's just wonderful to see the interest and
participation of kids in learning about STARDUST. Preliminary numbers
estimated that over 1.2 million students viewed the one or all of the
programs.
For more information on the STARDUST mission - the first ever comet sample
return mission - please visit the STARDUST home page:
http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov
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=SANA=
Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Six Launches, Six Months
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Six Launches, Six Months
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/sixlaunches/
NASA's era of "faster, better, cheaper" missions is paying off with an
unprecedented schedule of launches in 1998 and 1999. In a six-month period a
total of six launches of seven JPL-teamed missions are scheduled:
Deep Space 1, a spacecraft that is testing advanced technologies including
an ion engine on its way to fly by an asteroid, was launched October 24,
1998 from Cape Canaveral, Florida. See the Deep Space 1 News and Information
Page or the Deep Space 1 Project Home Page.
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/ds1news
http://nmp.jpl.nasa.gov/ds1
Mars Climate Orbiter, the first of two spacecraft targeted toward the red
planet under the Mars Surveyor '98 project, is scheduled for launch December
10, 1998 from Cape Canaveral, Florida. See the Mars News and Information
Page or the Mars Surveyor '98 Project Home Page.
http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msp98
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/marsnews
Mars Polar Lander, the second of two Mars Surveyor '98 missions, will carry
a science payload including a robotic arm to a landing near Mars' south
pole; launch is scheduled January 3, 1999 from Cape Canaveral, Florida. See
the Mars News and Information Page or the Mars Surveyor '98 Project Home
Page.
http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msp98
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/marsnews
Deep Space 2, a project under the New Millennium Program, will send two
microprobes along on Mars Polar Lander to smash into the surface of Mars as
a test of advanced technologies for future solar system probes; launch is
scheduled January 3, 1999 from Cape Canaveral, Florida. See the Mars News
and Information Page or the Deep Space 2 Project Home Page.
http://nmp.jpl.nasa.gov/ds2
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/marsnews
Quick Scatterometer (QuikScat) is a rapidly developed Earth-orbiting
satellite that will carry SeaWinds, a scatterometer instrument studying
near-surface ocean winds. Launch is planned for early 1999 from Vandenberg
Air Force Base, California. See the SeaWinds on QuickScat Project Home Page.
http://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quikscat/quikindex.htm
Stardust will send a spacecraft flying through a comet's coma, or the cloud
that surrounds the nucleus of a comet, and for the first time ever bring
cometary material back to Earth. Launch is scheduled February 6, 1999 from
Cape Canaveral, Florida. See the Stardust Project Home Page.
http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov
Wide-field Infrared Explorer (WIRE) is an Earth-orbiting infrared telescope
that will make a four-month infrared survey of the universe, focusing on
starburst galaxies and luminous protogalaxies. Launch is scheduled February
26, 1999 from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. See the WIRE Project
Home Page.
http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/wire/
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=SANA=
Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: ESA's plans for a microarcsec space astrometry mission being presented
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ESA Science News
http://sci.esa.int
23 Nov 1998
ESA's plans for a microarcsec space astrometry mission being presented at the
GAIA workshop
This week plans for the GAIA space astrometry mission will be presented to
more than 70 scientists from all over Europe when they gather in Leiden
(Netherlands) for the GAIA workshop.
Hosted by The Lorentz Center and Leiden Observatory (University of Leiden),
the workshop will provide scientists with the opportunity to learn about the
current status and scientific prospects of GAIA. They will also have the
opportunity to participate in discussions aimed at consolidating the
scientific and technical report to be prepared for the ESA advisory groups.
GAIA (Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics) is an advanced
astrometric mission proposed, in 1995, as a Cornerstone Mission within the
ESA Horizon 2000+ science plan, which aims:
* to measure distances and velocities of more than a billion stars in our
Galaxy
* to provide:
o highly accurate astrometric data: positions, distances and proper motions
(10 microarcsecond at 15 mag);
o multiplicity and orbital motions;
o multi-colour photometry at hundreds of separate epochs;
o radial velocities (a few km/sec at 17 mag).
GAIA's unique observational strengths are:
* its unprecedented accuracy (2-3 orders of magnitudes more accurate than
Hipparcos, and five orders of magnitude more accurate than ground
observations);
* its extremely large sample observational capabilities (with one billion
stars, the catalogue will be 10,000 times larger than Hipparcos; and it
will observe 1 per cent of the total number of stars in our Galaxy);
* its very faint limiting magnitude (at 20 mag, more than 5 orders of
magnitude fainter than the completeness limit of Hipparcos);
* its on-board source detection and measurement capabilities complete to the
detection limit of about 20 mag. This will ensure complete and unbiased
samples at the faintest magnitudes, and will mean that variables, burst
sources, lensing events, etc will be measured as they occur.
As a result GAIA will uniquely address astrophysical issues such as:
* the formation and evolution of our Galaxy;
* dynamics of the Local Group Galaxies;
* the occurrence and statistics of planetary systems (some 200,000 stars
within 200 parsec will be rigorously scrutinised for the presence of
Jupiter mass planetary companions);
* wide angle space metric analyses;
* the luminosity and dynamics of rare astrophysical objects.
USEFUL LINKS FOR THIS STORY
GAIA homepage
http://astro.estec.esa.nl/GAIA/
Hipparcos homepage
http://astro.estec.esa.nl/hipparcos/
Lorentz Center, Leiden
http://lc.leidenuniv.nl/
Andrew Yee
ayee@nova.astro.utoronto.ca
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=SANA=
Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: First direct detection of meteoroid impacts on Saturn rings (Forwarded
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Stanford University
CONTACT: David F. Salisbury, News Service
(650) 725-1944, e-mail: david.salisbury@stanford.edu
COMMENT: Mark Showalter, STAR Lab
(650) 604-3382, e-mail: showalter@Ringside.Arc.Nasa.Gov
11/6/98
First direct detection of meteoroid impacts on Saturn rings
Movies like "Deep Impact" and "Asteroid" have popularized the notion that
the solar system contains kilometer-wide chunks of material that represent
a potential hazard to life on Earth.
But how many of these objects actually lurk in the darkness of space?
Mark Showalter's research may help answer that question. A research associate
at Stanford's Space, Telecommunications and Radioscience Laboratory (STARLab)
who works out of the NASA Ames Research Center, Showalter reports, in the Nov.
6 issue of the journal Science, the first direct and unambiguous detection of
basketball-sized meteoroids striking one of Saturn's rings.
Using images taken by the two Voyager spacecraft that flew by the ringed
planet in 1980 and 1981, Showalter identified objects that he calls "burst
events" on the F Ring, a faint and narrow ring that orbits about 3000
kilometers beyond the outer edge of Saturn's main ring system.
By tracking these bursts long enough to determine that they have a lifetime
of about two weeks, he determined that they are clumps of dust kicked out of
the ring when it is hit by small meteoroids ranging from two to 40
centimeters in size.
The F Ring has the best conditions for allowing observation of these dust
clouds, Showalter says. It is dim enough so that the clumps show up and thin
enough so that they do not rapidly collapse back into the ring. That allowed
him to follow the evolution of three of these clumps in some detail. Their
spreading rates were consistent with that expected if the ring was hit by
an object traveling at high velocity, he reports.
Showalter estimates that the F Ring experiences about 20 such impacts per
year. This, in turn, allowed him to produce the first crude indication of
the abundance of centimeter-sized objects in the outer solar system. When
the Cassini spacecraft reaches Saturn in 2004, it will be equipped to do a
more thorough job of observing these impacts and so should provide a much
more precise estimate, he says.
There are only two other sources of data about meteoroids in the solar
system's outer reaches. The Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft, which flew by
Saturn in the late 1970s, were equipped with a simple detector that provided
an estimate of the population of micrometer-sized particles in the vicinity
of Jupiter and Saturn. Observations with Earth-based telescopes also have
discovered eight asteriods in the 10- to 100-kilometer size range that cross
Saturn's orbit. They have been named the Centaurs.
Such research should give scientists a better handle on the number of
meteoroids of various sizes that exist in the inner solar system. Objects
of this size strike the Earth fairly frequently. They are large enough so
that they don't completely burn up in the atmosphere, and the burnt remnant
lands on Earth as a meteorite. But they are too small to be picked up in
satellite imagery, so the frequency of these fiery collisions is not well
known, Showalter says.
"People who model these things estimate that the frequency of meteoroids
should be about the same throughout the solar system," he says. And, within
the rather large uncertainties involved, his observations are consistent
with that assumption.
More importantly, improved knowledge of the abundance of centimeter-sized
meteoroids in the solar system will provide better estimates of the numbers
of kilometer-sized objects, which are the real concern.
"It is all part of a continuous process," Showalter says. "We know there are
so many ping-pong-ball-sized objects for every basketball-sized object and
so many basketball-sized objects for every house-sized one. So improved
estimates of meteoroids of any given size improve our estimates of the
number of meteoroids of all sizes."
Andrew Yee
ayee@nova.astro.utoronto.ca
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Aussie help Hubble hunt ancient galaxies (Forwarded)
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Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organisation
Australia
Ms Rosie Schmedding (02) 6276-6520
Mobile (0418) 622-653
Fax (02) 6276-6821
Media Release: 24 November 1998 Ref 98/271
AUSSIES HELP HUBBLE HUNT ANCIENT GALAXIES
Australian telescopes have helped the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) find
thousands of new galaxies.
The Anglo-Australian Observatory and CSIRO helped choose the patch of sky
in which the HST found the previously unknown galaxies. They are now helping
Hubble astronomers to learn more about these new discoveries.
Preliminary HST results were released today by NASA's Space Telescope Science
Institute, as were the results from the Australian institutions.
The piece of sky is tiny, the size of an echidna's eye on a five-cent piece
held at arm's length. Called the Hubble Deep Field South, it complements the
original Hubble Deep Field, another small patch in the northern sky.
The HST wowed the scientific world when in late 1995 it stared at the
apparently blank piece of sky and found in it remarkable distant fossil
galaxies, some formed when the Universe was only a tenth of its present age.
This time around astronomers wanted a piece of sky with a distant quasar (a
galaxy with an extremely bright centre) in it. The quasar lights up and makes
visible any material in space between it and the Earth, like a car headlight
shining through fog at night.
Astronomers of the Anglo-Australian Observatory in Sydney, aided by their
colleagues in Cambridge, UK, painstakingly sifted through their photographic
records of the whole southern sky until they found a likely quasar, 10
billion light-years distant. CSIRO's Parkes radio telescope and the Anglo-
Australian Telescope were used to confirm that the quasar was suitable.
CSIRO's Australia Telescope was used to check that there were not too many
confusing radio sources in the field.
The Hubble Space Telescope spent ten days in October scrutinising the new
patch of sky.
Every major telescope that can see the Deep Field South has also made
observations of the field and is releasing them to the astronomical
community at the same time as the HST results come out.
"This is a new way of working," said Dr Ray Norris, head of Astrophysics at
CSIRO's Australia Telescope National Facility. "Everyone is putting their
data on the Web, warts and all. The galaxies in this field are being studied
incredibly intensively, with optical, radio, infrared and UV observations
all being made at more or less at the same time."
"We currently each have one piece of the jigsaw puzzle which will be put
together to reveal a new picture of the distant Universe," said Dr Brian
Boyle, Director of the Anglo-Australian Observatory.
The Anglo-Australian Telescope has measured the distances of about 75 faint
far-flung galaxies in the field.
"These distances can be combined with other information to produce a 3D map
of this part of the Universe," explained Dr Boyle.
"Those galaxies for which we have the distances are all young --'newborns',
so to speak," he said. "The gas clouds that are lit up by the quasar are
probably forming galaxies -- embryos. We want to compare the two kinds, to
build up a picture of the life cycle of galaxies from creation through to
old age."
The radio telescope observations are proving more mysterious.
"We have already found one extremely puzzling object," said Dr Norris. "We
don't know what it is."
"It could be a very distant version of a kind of galaxy we know about, called
a starburst galaxy, obscured by dust. But to be at that distance and still
look so big, it would have to be enormous. On the other hand, we really
don't know what to expect from galaxies at that distance."
Astronomers overhauled their theories of how galaxies evolve and how fast
stars form after studying the 'core-sample' of galaxies dredged up by the
original Hubble Deep Field. Now the Hubble Deep Field South will show if
the original Hubble Deep Field North was truly a representative patch of
the Universe.
"It will take astronomers months to digest all this new data," predicted Dr
Boyle.
More information:
Dr Ray Norris
CSIRO
(02) 9372 4416 (bh), (02) 9369 9591 (ah), 0417 288 307 (mobile)
rnorris@atnf.csiro.au
Dr Brian Boyle
Anglo-Australian Observatory
(02) 9372 4811 (bh), (02) 9498 1584 (ah)
director@aaoepp.aao.gov.au
Results on the Web:
Hubble Space Telescope
http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/1998/41
and
http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pictures.html
CSIRO Australia Telescope National Facility
http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rnorris/hdf-s
Anglo-Australian Observatory
http://www.aao.gov.au/AAO/hdfs/
Andrew Yee
ayee@nova.astro.utoronto.ca
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Cassini Update - November 25, 1998
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Cassini Significant Events for 11/20/98-11/26/98
Spacecraft Status:
The most recent Spacecraft status is from the DSN tracking pass on
Tuesday, 11/24, over the Canberra tracking station. The Cassini
spacecraft is in an excellent state of health and is executing the
Cruise 11 sequence normally.
Spacecraft Activity Summary:
On Friday, 11/20, routine maintenance was performed on the Solid State
Recorder (SSR-B) flight software partitions.
On Saturday, 11/21, the Solid State Recorder (SSR-B) record and playback
pointers were reset as planned (nominally once per week).
On Sunday, 11/22, three activities occurred. Science & Engineering
Record (S&ER) 3 telemetry mode was installed into the CDS in preparation
for the Instrument Checkout in January. An accelerometer calibration
was performed. The accelerometer was powered up for this activity and
will remain powered ON in preparation for the upcoming Deep Space
Maneuver (DSM). The AACS High Watermarks were cleared as the last
activity for this day.
Upcoming events:
Activities scheduled for the week of 11/27-12/03 include: SSR Pointer
Reset (11/28), Propulsion Module Subsystem (PMS) Pressurization &
Playback (12/01), DSM Mini Sequence Uplink and Execution (12/02), Power
on VIMS Decontamination Heaters, Active IVP Vector Update, and AACS High
Watermark Clear (12/03), and SSR Memory Load Repair (12/03).
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=SANA=
Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: WDC-A R&S Launch Announcement 12978: Bonum 1
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COSPAR/ISES
WORLD WARNING AGENCY FOR SATELLITES
WORLD DATA CENTER-A FOR R & S, NASA/GSFC
CODE 633, GREENBELT, MARYLAND, 20771. USA
SPACEWARN 12978
COSPAR/WWAS USSPACECOM NUMBER
SPACECRAFT INTERNATIONAL ID (CATALOG NUMBER) LAUNCH DATE,UT
BONUM 1 1998-068A 25546 22 NOVEMBER 1998
DR. JOSEPH H. KING, DIRECTOR, WDC-A-R&S.
[PH: (301) 286 7355.
E-MAIL: KING@NSSDCA.GSFC.NASA.GOV
24 NOVEMBER 1998 13:30 UT]
Further details will be in a forthcoming SPACEWARN Bulletin
Dr. Edwin V. Bell, II
_/ _/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/ Mail Code 633
_/_/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ NASA Goddard Space
_/ _/ _/ _/_/ _/_/ _/ _/ _/ Flight Center
_/ _/_/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ Greenbelt, MD 20771
_/ _/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/ +1-301-286-1187
ed.bell@gsfc.nasa.gov
SPACEWARN home page: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacewarn/
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=SANA=
Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Galileo Update - November 24, 1998
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MEDIA RELATIONS OFFICE
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIF. 91109 TELEPHONE (818) 354-5011
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov
Galileo Europa Mission Status
November 24, 1998
The Galileo spacecraft is out of safe mode and has resumed
normal operations. At 5 p.m. Pacific Standard Time on Monday,
November 23, the spacecraft responded to commands sent from the
ground and returned to normal sequenced activities. Galileo had
been in safe mode after the portion of the spacecraft's command
and data subsystems that control Galileo's non-spinning part
reset themselves twice over the weekend of November 21-22. These
subsystems control the transmission of Galileo's data to Earth.
The first safing event occurred Saturday evening, November
21, and the other Sunday afternoon, November 22. Because the
first safing took place about six hours before Galileo was
scheduled to fly by Europa, the spacecraft was unable to gather
data on the icy moon, other than distant observations. Galileo
engineers believe the resets were probably induced by the intense
radiation environment immediately surrounding Jupiter.
Now that the spacecraft is functioning normally again,
Galileo will be able to transmit to Earth the information that
was gathered by Galileo before the safing events, as well as some
radio science measurements of Europa taken while in safe mode.
This latest flyby was Galileo's 10th encounter with Europa;
another is planned for January 31, 1999. The spacecraft has
spent the past three years orbiting Jupiter and its moons,
including Europa, gathering a wealth of information and pictures.
Its primary mission ended in December 1997, and the spacecraft is
currently in the midst of a two-year extension, known as the
Galileo Europa Mission.
#####
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=SANA=
Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Rainfall, not humans, control the size of the Sahara (Forwarded)
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Lynn Chandler
Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, MD 20771
Lynn.Chandler.1@gsfc.nasa.gov Nov. 24, 1998
(Phone: 301-614-5562)
RELEASE NO: 98-189
RAINFALL, NOT HUMANS, CONTROLS THE SIZE OF THE SAHARA
The decades-old concern that land misuse by humans is causing the African
Sahara desert to extend south into fertile land is not occurring, according
to Earth scientists from the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt,
Md. and Florida State University.
Looking at nearly two decades of satellite observations of vegetation
growing near the Sahara, Dr. Compton "Jim" Tucker, a Goddard biologist, and
Dr. Sharon Nicholson, a Florida State meteorologist, found that although the
southern border of the Sahara ebbs and flows from year to year, there has
been no overall growth in the desert?s size.
In the 1970s and early 1980s, scientists had the impression that the desert
was steadily moving south into the temperate zones. But according to Tucker,
satellite data show that Saharan/Sahelian boundary rebounds to the north
with rainfall in wet years such as 1994.
"We?re not saying that there is no land degradation," said Nicholson, who
has studied the problem for over 20 years. "But this paradigm about the
marching sands and the vegetation going away is not happening."
An area of semi-arid grassland called the "Sahel," lines the Sahara along
its southern border. The Sahelian/Sahara border has received a lot of
attention from scientists and policy makers because in very dry years, the
border moves south.
"The interesting question is how the desert changes through time, and is it
changing through time," he said. Tucker studied data collected from 1980 to
1997 by satellite sensors aboard National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)
meteorological satellites.
Tucker and Nicholson found that there was significant year-to-year variation
in rainfall, with an especially dry year in 1984, making it seem that during
drought years the desert was expanding southward. After 1984, the Sahara
border rebounded and was especially far north in 1994.
The AVHRR sensor aboard the NOAA satellites measures the infrared and
near-infrared radiation reflected by plants. From the two wavelengths of
radiation, a "greenness index" can be determined. The "greenness index"
shows scientists what areas of ground are covered by vegetation, and Tucker
has shown that vegetation cover corresponds to the amount of rainfall in a
particular region.
Over the last 20 years, the Saharan boundary has followed rainfall trends,
and Nicholson?s analysis of historical data, recently published in the
American Meteorological Society?s Bulletin, confirms this research. "It?s
virtually impossible to separate desertification from drought," she said.
Desertification is defined as the man-made or natural formation of desert
from what once was usable land.
This study on desertification is sponsored by NASA and the U.S. Agency for
International Development. NASA funded this research as part of its Earth
Science Enterprise, a long-term research program designed to study the
Earth?s land, oceans, air, ice and life as a total system.
Andrew Yee
ayee@nova.astro.utoronto.ca
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=SANA=
Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite To Study Star Formation
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Doug Isbell/Don Savage
Headquarters, Washington, DC November 25, 1998
(Phone: 202/358-1547)
Donna Drelick/Jim Sahli
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
(Phone: 301-286-7995)
RELEASE: 98-213
SUBMILLIMETER WAVE ASTRONOMY
SATELLITE TO STUDY STAR FORMATION
NASA's Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS)
mission, scheduled for launch at 8:40 p.m. EST (5:40 p.m. PST) on
Dec. 2, 1998, will gather star-formation data, which have remained
invisible from beneath the obscuring effects of the Earth's
atmosphere.
The overall goal of the two-year mission is to gain a
greater understanding of star formation by determining the
composition of interstellar clouds, and establishing the means by
which these clouds cool as they collapse to form stars and
planets.
"During its mission, SWAS will observe hundreds of regions
of ongoing star formation within our galaxy. The answers SWAS
will provide are important not only to the understanding of the
formation of future stellar systems, but also to the understanding
of the processes that led to the formation of the Sun, the Earth,
and the other planets and moons in our own solar system," said Dr.
Gary Melnick, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics,
principal investigator for the SWAS mission.
SWAS will be launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA,
via a Pegasus-XL launch vehicle, built by Orbital Sciences
Corporation. The launch vehicle is a three-stage, solid-
propellant booster system carried aloft by an L-1011 jet aircraft.
The system will be released when the aircraft reaches an altitude
of about 40,000 feet (12,200 meters) and has airspeed of Mach 0.8.
The SWAS mission is designed for a two-year duration.
SWAS is one of NASA's Small Explorers (SMEX) satellites,
which are both small and economical. The SWAS spacecraft weighs
only 625 pounds. The satellite was designed and built by NASA's
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD.
The SWAS observatory will be inserted into an orbit with an
altitude of 370 miles above the Earth, and will orbit the Earth
every 97 minutes. SWAS will typically observe three to five
astronomical objects per orbit. The observed data will be stored
in the spacecraft memory and sent to a ground station. Within 24
hours of receipt at the ground station, these data are received at
the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's Science Operation
Center in Cambridge, MA. There, the science content of the data
is analyzed and new astronomical targets are selected for
observation.
Further information about SWAS can be found on the Internet
at:
http://sunland.gsfc.nasa.gov/smex/swas/
http://sunland.gsfc.nasa.gov/smex/
http://pluto.harvard.edu/cfa/oir/Research/swas.html
-end-
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=SANA=
Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: First US Station Element To Be Launched December 3
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Jennifer McCarter
Headquarters, Washington, DC November 25, 1998
(Phone: 202/358-1639)
Joel Wells
Kennedy Space Center, FL
(Phone: 407/867-2468)
Eileen Hawley
Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX
(Phone: 281/483-5111)
RELEASE: 98-214
FIRST U.S. STATION ELEMENT TO BE LAUNCHED DEC. 3
NASA program managers set Dec. 3 as the official launch date for
the STS-88 mission aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour. This is the first
Shuttle mission dedicated to the assembly of the International Space
Station (ISS), the largest and most complex international cooperative
science and engineering venture in history.
The six-member flight crew will work to mate Endeavour's primary
payload, the U.S.-made Unity connecting module, to the Russian-built
Zarya control module during the 12-day mission. Zarya was launched
on a Proton rocket from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakstan on Nov. 20.
While the STS-88 Flight Readiness Review was in progress, Russian
flight controllers performed tests on Zarya's onboard systems and
adjusted its orbital position.
The Flight Readiness Review, held at NASA's Kennedy Space
Center, FL, began Monday afternoon allowing all Shuttle and ISS
project offices to evaluate the flight readiness of the astronaut
crew, vehicle and cargo, along with the launch and mission control
teams.
"Following Zarya's successful launch last week, it is now NASA's
responsibility to begin the International Space Station assembly
process," said NASA's Johnson Space Center Director George Abbey.
"This flight will clearly demonstrate the unique capabilities of the
Space Shuttle and of astronauts and cosmonauts to assemble large
structures in space. STS-88 will showcase the Shuttle as the safe and
reliable workhorse of the space station era and other future
activities in Earth orbit."
Endeavour is scheduled for launch on Dec. 3 at 3:59 a.m. EST
from launch pad 39A. The exact launch time will be determined during
the final hour of the launch countdown as mission controllers
pinpoint Zarya's exact orbital position. The mission is slated to
last 11 days, 19 hours and 49 minutes. An on-time launch will lead
to a Kennedy Space Center landing on Monday, Dec. 14, at 11:48 p.m.
EST.
The STS-88 Mission Commander is Robert Cabana. The pilot is
Fredrick Sturckow. Nancy Currie, Russian cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev,
Jerry Ross and James Newman will serve as mission specialists on this
flight.
STS-88 will be the 13th flight of Shuttle Endeavour and the 93rd
mission in Shuttle program history.
-end-
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: NASA разрабатывает таблетку-передатчик
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NASA разрабатывает таблетку-передатчик
[NASA] В будущем году NASA планирует начать внедрение своей
"таблетки-передатчика", которая может отслеживать температуру,
кровяное давление и другие параметры больного и передавать
полученную информацию врачам.
Разработку этой таблетки ведет Исследовательский центр им.
Эймса. Ее размеры составляют 0,8х3,4 см. Позднее планируется создать
таблетку меньших размеров, которую перед полетом будут глотать
астронавты. Такая таблетка будет передавать на Землю объективные
данные о самочувствии астронавтов во время космического путешествия.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
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=SANA=
Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Запуск научного спутника Landsat-7 намечен на 15 апреля
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Запуск научного спутника Landsat-7 намечен на 15 апреля
[NASA] Определена новая дата запуска научного спутника Земли
Landsat-7 - 15 апреля 1999 г. (ранее предполагалось осуществить запуск в
декабре 1998 г.). Спутник будет выведен на орбиту ракетой-носителем
Delta II, старт состоится с базы ВВС США "Ванденберг".
Hа Landsat-7 установлено оборудование для получения снимков
земной поверхности высокого разрешения. С его помощью будет
продолжено составление картографической базы данных, начатое в 1982
г. спутником Landsat-4. Снимки, полученные с помощью Landsat-7,
предполагается использовать в сельском хозяйстве, для исследования
лесов, качества воды и пр.
Задержка со стартом Landsat-7 вызвана необходимостью внесения
изменений в конструкцию блока электропитания спутника. В ходе
испытаний, начавшихся в декабре 1997 г., этот блок отказывал дважды.
Следующий спутник из серии Landsat планируется запустить в
конце 1999 г. Он будет вращаться по той же орбите, что и Landsat 7, но с
задержкой на 1 мин. Это позволит одновременно производить съемку
одного и того же участка поверхности Земли для проверки новых
технологий обработки изображений.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
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=SANA=
Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Ракета Delta 2 с российским телевизионным спутником наконец-то взлетел
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Ракета Delta 2 с российским телевизионным спутником наконец-то
взлетела
[SpaceViews] Ракета Delta 2 с российским телевизионным спутником
на борту после трех неудачных попыток наконец-то стартовала. Запуск
состоялся ночью с 22 на 23 ноября с космодрома на мысе Канаверал.
Delta 2 оторвалась от земли 23 ноября в 2 часа 54 мин по
московскому времени после более чем получасовой задержки, связанной
с сильным ветром в верхних слоях атмосферы. Ракета вывела на орбиту
спутник Bonum-1. Далее полет прошел без проблем.
Первоначально полет был
запланирован на четверг 19 ноября, но
был отложен из-за неполадок в
креплении сопла основного двигателя
ракеты. В пятницу старт был отложен
из-за проблем со связью между
наземным пунктом управления и
спутником, а в субботу был обнаружен
дефект в датчике топлива.
Спутник Bonum-1 будет
обеспечивать передачу 50
телевизионных каналов на западные
области России. Спутник был создан
компанией Hughes по заказу "Медиа-Мост". Это первый частный
российский спутник.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
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=SANA=
Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Ракета Delta 2 с российским... (картинка) [1/2]
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section 1 of 2 of file bonum-1.jpg < uuencode 5.32 by R.E.M. >
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M'/>FA`+AR>^*@EN5"!BK#)QRI'?%-FE@>Y99#\X.!D>U18OFML5!(R:O,5.<
MHP.?3%9^KO"M]-O,A.XGC'?FM2)HP2\0W,9"@/X9JG?VEE(WGSW!1F521CU'
M_P!:M>AF9`GM@X8B9B!@9(XHJW]FTG_G[8_\!-%%@T/1;&^62W7S,,UI3:?%<)',;1@T@W':#D?6L_0;"'
M4K=F:1TFB8IE3U'4?S_2M^WM+BSEC/G32H"`=TA(Q]*39I&^Y1?0(]@(D/\`
MNNIJ!M%C`Q^Z_*NINF>.+=#$)'R/EW8X[G-TDNHX:&I/WXJ>FC*C*0\0(Z
Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Образцы метеорных частиц ... (картинки) [2/3]
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
section 2 of 2 of file payload.jpg < uuencode 5.32 by R.E.M. >
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MS*;?XO$>O.(#,`%E-@!\OEC,9CT9Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Образцы метеорных частиц ... (картинки) [3/3]
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
section 1 of 1 of file aerogel.jpg < uuencode 5.32 by R.E.M. >
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M4Y)S!0\_TS,SM(+"%JTI4EYM.OO4D#<6_P!//$BB]B^Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Проблемы с Deep Space 1 продолжаются
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Проблемы с Deep Space 1 продолжаются
[SpaceViews] Экспериментальный космический корабль Deep Space
1 (DS1) с момента своего запуска 24 октября 1998 г. столкнулся уже со
множеством проблем. 10 ноября через 4,5 минуты после включения
прекратил работу ионный двигатель.
Через неделю 17 ноября
проводились испытания
астрономической навигационной
системы AutoNav, во время который
корабль повернулся таким образом, что
Солнце ушло из зоны видимости
системы слежения за ним. Хотя
инженеры полагают, что такая ситуация
является штатной, тем не менее
специальное ПО для защиты от сбоев прекратило испытания
навигационной системы и корабль был переведен в безопасный режим в
ожидании команд с Земли. Hа следующий день группе управления
полетом DS1 удалось вернуть корабль в нормальное положение. Hесмотря
на проблемы с ориентировкой было объявлено, что навигационная
система AutoNav работает отлично.
Теперь в центре управления полетом планируют на этой неделе
внось попытаться запустить ионный двигатель. Инженеры провели
тщательный анализ полученных в результате первого запуска данных и
смоделировали возможные причины отказа. Уже проведено
тестирование новой программы управления двигателем.
Источник: InfoArt News Agency
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Проблемы с Deep Space 1 продолжаются (картинка)
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
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end
sum -r/size 53636/7068 section (from "begin" to "end")
sum -r/size 53211/5111 entire input file
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 26 ноября 1998 (1998-11-26)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: NASA Awards Precollege And Teacher And Curriculum Enhancements Grants
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
Sonja Alexander November 23, 1998
Headquarters, Washington, DC
(Phone: 202/358-1761)
RELEASE: 98-211
NASA AWARDS PRECOLLEGE AND TEACHER AND CURRICULUM ENHANCEMENT GRANTS
The NASA Office of Equal Opportunity Programs has selected 11
minority universities to receive a Precollege Awards for
Excellence in Mathematics, Science, Engineering, and Technology
(PACE/MSET) grant, and nine minority universities to receive a
Minority University Mathematics, Science and Technology Awards for
Teacher and Curriculum Enhancement Program (MASTAP) grant.
The PACE grants provide opportunities for minority colleges
and universities, in collaboration with NASA and local school
districts, to provide for informal educational opportunities that
will enhance the numbers and percentage of students enrolled in
mathematics and science college preparatory courses. These
partnerships will prepare more students to enroll in college
mathematics, science, engineering and technology (MSET)
disciplines and to pursue MSET careers in the future.
Each PACE/MSET university will receive up to $100,000 per
year for the three years of the grant based on performance and
availability of funds under the program.
The 11 universities selected to receive PACE grants:
California State University- Dominguez Hills
California State University- Northridge
College of Santa Fe, NM
Delaware State University
Jarvis Christian College, TX
Lehman College, NY
New Mexico State University
Pasadena City College, CA
Trenholm State Technical College, AL
Tuskegee University, AL
University of Texas at Brownsville
The MASTAP grants provide opportunities for minority colleges
and universities to develop diverse and exemplary research-based
mathematics, science, technology and geography teacher education
curricula, integrated with content from NASA's mission. It is the
Agency's desire that the results from these awards serve as models
for other colleges and universities. Additionally, these awards
will contribute to the following states' efforts to increase the
numbers and percentage of state-certified mathematics, science,
technology or geography teachers employed in hard-to-staff
elementary, middle and secondary schools.
Each MASTAP grant award recipient will receive up to $200,000
per year for the three years of the grant based on performance and
availability of funds under the program.
The nine universities selected to receive MASTAP grants:
Bowie State University, MD
California State University-Dominguez Hills
City University of New York-Medgar Evers College
Florida International University
Heritage College, WA
Jackson State University, MS
Mississippi Valley State University
South Carolina State University
Xavier University of Louisiana
-end-
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
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